IGCSE Chemistry - States of Matter Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards covering states of matter, diffusion, dissolving, and chemical reaction concepts based on IGCSE Chemistry notes.

Potassium permanganate

A purple solid soluble in water with the chemical formula $\text{KMnO}_4$, consisting of 3 different elements (potassium, manganese, and oxygen).

Dissolving

The process where a solid solute breaks down into a solvent to form a solution, represented by state symbol change $\text{X}(s) \rightarrow \text{X}(aq)$.

Diffusion

The process describing the movement and spreading out of particles (gas or liquid solute) until evenly distributed throughout a container or solution.

Reversible reaction symbol ($\rightleftharpoons$)

A symbol used in chemical equations to indicate that a reaction can proceed in both forward and reverse directions.

Relative speed of ammonia and hydrogen chloride gas

Ammonia ($\text{NH}_3$) molecules travel at a higher mean speed than hydrogen chloride ($\text{HCl}$) molecules, as shown by ammonium chloride forming closer to the $\text{HCl}$ side of a glass tube.

Gas particle collisions

The primary reason why diffusion takes several minutes despite gas particles moving at high speeds, as particles continuously collide with each other and container walls.

Temperature effect on diffusion rate

Higher temperatures provide particles with more kinetic energy, causing them to move faster and increasing the rate of diffusion.

Dissolving rate factors

Methods to make a solid solute dissolve more quickly, specifically heating and stirring the solution.

Corrosive substance safety precaution

A safety measure required when handling corrosive chemicals like concentrated ammonia and concentrated hydrochloric acid, such as wearing gloves.

Lead iodide formation experiment

An experiment where solid crystals of lead nitrate and potassium iodide dissolve and diffuse through water to react and form an insoluble solid precipitate called lead iodide.