AP World History Unit 1- Global Tapestry Terms 41-83

Post-Classical Africa

the period from approximately

1200 to 1450, marked by significant developments in trade, culture, and political

structures across the African continent. During this time, various kingdoms and empires

emerged, such as the Mali Empire and the Kingdom of Axum, which became centers of

commerce and cultural exchange, greatly influenced by Islam and trans-Saharan trade

routes.

Sonni Ali

the first king of the Songhai Empire, reigning from 1464 to

1492, and is known for his military conquests that significantly expanded the empire's

territory and influence in West Africa. His leadership marked a turning point in the

region's history as he united various tribes and fostered a centralized state, paving the

way for a thriving economy and the flourishing of trade routes across the Sahara.

Songhai Empire

a powerful West African state that flourished

from the 15th to the late 16th century, known for its wealth, trade, and culturalachievements. It emerged as a dominant force in the region following the decline of the

Mali Empire and played a crucial role in the trans-Saharan trade routes, connecting West

Africa to North Africa and beyond.

Sundiata Keita

the founder of the Mali Empire in West Africa,

known for his military prowess and the establishment of a centralized government that

greatly enhanced trade and agriculture in the region. His reign, which began in the early

13th century, marked a significant turning point in African history as he united various

tribes and strengthened the power of the empire through both conquests and diplomatic

relationships.

Swahili Coast

the coastal region of East Africa along the

Indian Ocean, which was a hub of trade, culture, and interaction between Africa and the

broader Indian Ocean world from the 8th century onwards. This area was marked by its

flourishing city-states, diverse population, and significant economic activity, especially

between 1200 and 1450.

Trans-Saharan Trade Network

a historical

trade route that connected sub-Saharan Africa to North Africa, facilitating the exchange

of goods, culture, and ideas across the Sahara Desert. This _______ was crucial for the

economic and social development of the region from 1200 to 1450, as it allowed for the

movement of valuable resources such as gold, salt, and textiles, while also fostering

interactions between diverse cultures and societies.

Tribal Africa

the diverse array of ethnic groups and social

structures in Africa characterized by communal living, traditional governance, and

cultural practices. This term highlights the importance of kinship, clan loyalty, and oral

traditions in shaping the identities and political systems of various African societies from

1200 to 1450.

Tribe vs. Clan-Based

In the context of social organization, 'tribe' refers to a larger

social group that consists of multiple clans or extended families, often sharing common

language, culture, and traditions. In contrast, 'clan-based' describes a smaller, more

tightly-knit group within the tribe, usually consisting of individuals who are closely

related through blood or marriage. This distinction is important in understanding the

social structures that shaped communities across Africa between 1200 and 1450.

Battle of Tours

fought in 732, a significant conflict between

the Frankish forces led by Charles Martel and the Umayyad Caliphate's army. This battle

is often credited with halting the northward expansion of Islam into Western Europe,

marking a turning point that had lasting implications for European history, particularly in

shaping the political landscape from 1200 to 1450.

Battle of Crécy

a significant battle fought on August 26, 1346,

during the Hundred Years' War between England and France. This battle marked a

pivotal moment in military history, showcasing the effectiveness of longbowmen and

leading to a decisive English victory that altered the course of the conflict and

demonstrated the changing nature of warfare in Europe.

Battle of Agincourt

a significant English victory during

the Hundred Years' War, fought on October 25, 1415. This battle showcased the

effectiveness of English longbowmen against heavily armored French knights, marking a

turning point in the conflict and influencing military tactics in Europe.

Catholic Church

the largest Christian church, with more than a

billion members worldwide. It has played a crucial role in shaping European culture,

politics, and society from the medieval period onward, particularly from 1200 to 1450

when it became a dominant force in Europe through religious authority, political power,

and cultural influence.

Charles “The Hammer” Martel

a Frankish leader

who played a crucial role in shaping medieval Europe by winning the Battle of Tours in

732. His victory halted the advance of Muslim forces into Western Europe, establishing

him as a key figure in defending Christendom and solidifying the power of the

Carolingian dynasty. ________ military strategies and political maneuvers laid the

groundwork for the rise of his grandson, Charlemagne, and set the stage for the future of

European politics and warfare.

Concordat of Worms

established in 1122, was an agreement

that ended the Investiture Controversy between the papacy and the Holy Roman Empire.

This significant treaty allowed the church to appoint bishops and abbots while giving the

emperor a limited role in their selection. It marked a crucial moment in the relationship

between church and state, reflecting the power struggles in Europe during this period.

Crusades

a series of religious and military campaigns that took

place between the late 11th and late 13th centuries, initiated by European Christians with

the primary goal of reclaiming Jerusalem and the Holy Land from Muslim rule. These

expeditions had significant impacts on European society, economy, and culture, as well

as on relations between Christians and Muslims, and played a crucial role in shaping the

medieval period in Europe.

England

a country that is part of the United Kingdom, known for its

significant historical and cultural impact on the world. From the emergence of a unified

kingdom in the 9th century through the development of parliamentary democracy and the

Industrial Revolution, England played a crucial role in shaping global events and ideas.

English Parliament

a legislative body in the United

Kingdom, historically established to represent the interests of the people and limit the

powers of the monarchy. It evolved from the early councils of nobles advising the king to

a more structured institution that played a crucial role in shaping governance, especially

during the period from 1200 to 1450 when concepts of representation and law began to

take root in European political thought.

Estates-General

a legislative assembly in France representing

the three estates of the realm: the clergy, the nobility, and the common people. This

assembly was crucial in the context of political and social tensions leading up to the

French Revolution, as it provided a platform for various social classes to voice their

grievances and influence governmental policies.

Feudal Society

the social and economic system that dominated

medieval Europe, characterized by a hierarchy of lords, vassals, and serfs. This structure

was defined by the exchange of land for military service and loyalty, creating a network

of obligations that sustained local governance and protection during a time of political

fragmentation and instability.

Feudalism

a social, economic, and political system that dominated

medieval Europe, where land was granted in exchange for loyalty and service. This

hierarchical structure involved relationships between lords, vassals, and serfs, which

shaped the organization of society and influenced the political landscape from 1200 to

1450.

Fiefs

parcels of land granted by a lord to a vassal in exchange for military

service and loyalty during the feudal system in medieval Europe. This system established

a hierarchy of power and obligation, where lords provided protection and governance in

return for the vassals' commitment to serve in battle and manage the land. _____ played a

crucial role in shaping the political and social structures of Europe from 1200 to 1450, as

they created a web of relationships that defined loyalty and land ownership.

France

a country in Western Europe known for its rich history, cultural

influence, and significant role in global events. Throughout history, ______ has been a

major player in political, social, and economic changes, impacting areas such as

industrialization, imperialism, world wars, and decolonization.

Holy Roman Empire

a multi-ethnic complex of

territories in central Europe that existed from the early Middle Ages until its dissolution

in 1806. It played a significant role in the political, religious, and cultural landscape of

Europe, especially during the medieval and early modern periods.

Hundred Years War

a series of conflicts fought between

England and France from 1337 to 1453, primarily over claims to the French throne. Thislengthy struggle marked significant developments in military technology, national

identity, and the political landscape of Europe during a time of transition.

Iberian Peninsula

a region located in southwestern Europe,

primarily consisting of Spain and Portugal. This geographical area played a crucial role in

the development of medieval and early modern Europe, serving as a cultural crossroads

for various civilizations, including the Romans, Visigoths, Moors, and later Christian

kingdoms.

Islam

a monotheistic Abrahamic faith founded in the 7th century CE, based on

the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad as revealed in the Quran. It emphasizes

submission to the will of Allah (God) and has significantly influenced cultures, societies,

and economies across the globe.

Johannes Gutenberg’s printing press

a revolutionary invention developed in the mid-15th century that introduced movable type

printing to Europe. This innovation drastically changed the way information was

disseminated, allowing for the mass production of books and written materials, which

significantly contributed to the spread of knowledge and ideas across the continent during

a time of cultural and intellectual transformation.

King

a male monarch who serves as the head of state in a kingdom, often

wielding significant political power and authority. In the context of Europe from 1200 to

1450, _____ played crucial roles in governance, warfare, and the establishment of

centralized states, influencing the social and political landscape of the continent.

Knights

mounted warriors in the medieval period, who served as vassals

to lords and played a significant role in the feudal system from around the 9th century

onward. They were bound by chivalric codes that emphasized loyalty, bravery, and

honor, often engaging in warfare and protecting their lord's interests while also upholding

social order.

King Philip II of France

a

prominent monarch who reigned from 1180 to 1223. His reign marked a significant

period in the consolidation of royal power in France and the expansion of its territories,

contributing to the development of a centralized French state during the medieval era. (also known as Philip Augustus)

Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, William Shakespeare

three of the most celebrated figures of the

Renaissance, a period marked by a renewed interest in art, literature, and humanism from

the 14th to the 17th centuries. (1) and (2) were pivotal artists whose

works epitomized the advancements in artistic techniques and human emotion, while

(3) revolutionized English literature with his plays and poetry. Together, theyrepresent the flourishing of creativity and intellectual thought that defined Europe from

1200 to 1450.

Magna Carta

also known as the Great Charter, was a pivotal

document signed in 1215 that established the principle that everyone, including the king,

was subject to the law. This charter laid the foundation for modern legal systems and

limited the powers of the monarchy, emphasizing individual rights and due process

during a time of significant political change in Europe.

Monarch

a sovereign head of state, often a king or queen, who typically

holds power for life and whose authority is often inherited. In the context of Europe from

1200 to 1450, ________ played a critical role in the centralization of power, the

establishment of dynastic rule, and the development of early forms of nation-states.

Nobles

members of the high social class in medieval Europe, typically

holding land and titles granted by the monarch. They played a crucial role in the feudal

system, providing military service and loyalty in exchange for land and privileges,

shaping the political landscape from 1200 to 1450.

Reconquista

the centuries-long series of military campaigns

by Christian kingdoms in the Iberian Peninsula aimed at recapturing territory from

Muslim rule, which was established during the early Middle Ages. This period spanned

roughly from the 8th century until 1492, culminating in the capture of Granada, the last

Muslim stronghold, and marked a significant shift in power dynamics, setting the stage

for Spain's emergence as a unified nation-state and influencing European politics and

culture.

Reformation

a religious movement in the 16th century that sought

to reform the practices and beliefs of the Catholic Church, leading to the establishment of

Protestantism. This movement not only challenged the authority of the Pope and the

Catholic Church but also had profound political, social, and economic consequences

across Europe. The ideas and writings of key figures like Martin Luther spurred changes

that altered the religious landscape and inspired calls for reform in other regions, even

influencing trade routes like the Silk Roads.

Regionalism to Kingdoms

the political, cultural, and economic

practices that emphasize the interests and identities of a specific geographic area. In the

context of kingdoms from 1200 to 1450 in Europe, this concept played a crucial role in

shaping local governance, cultural identities, and power dynamics, as smaller regional

powers often emerged or consolidated under larger kingdoms, leading to a complex

tapestry of alliances and rivalries.

Religious Conflict

disputes and confrontations that arise

from differing beliefs, practices, and interpretations of faith among various religiousgroups. In the context of Europe from 1200 to 1450, these conflicts often stemmed from

the tension between Christian denominations, particularly between Catholics and

emerging Protestant sects, as well as confrontations with non-Christian religions. Such

conflicts played a significant role in shaping political boundaries, influencing power

dynamics, and contributing to social unrest during this period.

Renaissance

a cultural, artistic, and intellectual revival that began

in Italy in the 14th century and spread throughout Europe, marking the transition from the

medieval period to the modern age. This era emphasized the rediscovery of classical

philosophy, literature, and art, leading to significant developments in various fields and

influencing societal changes.

Serfs

agricultural laborers bound under the feudal system to work on their

lord's estate. They were not slaves but had limited rights and were tied to the land they

farmed, often providing a portion of their crops as rent. This system was integral to the

economy and social structure of medieval Europe, influencing social mobility and

economic development.

Three-field system

an agricultural technique developed in

medieval Europe that divided farmland into three sections, allowing farmers to rotate

crops effectively. This method improved soil fertility and increased agricultural

productivity by ensuring that one-third of the land remained fallow while the other two-

thirds were cultivated, leading to more efficient use of land resources in the context of

economic growth from 1200 to 1450.

Treaty of Calais

a peace agreement signed in 1559 between

England and France, marking the end of the Italian Wars. This treaty solidified the

territorial gains made during the conflict and established a fragile peace that lasted until

the tensions of future conflicts in Europe, particularly over colonial ambitions and

religious disputes

Vassals

individuals in the feudal system who held land granted by a lord in

exchange for loyalty and military service. This relationship formed a crucial part of the

social and political structure in medieval Europe, particularly between 1200 and 1450, as

it helped to maintain order and organization in a time when central authority was often

weak.