Organic Compound

Organic Matter

Matter from a living system

Organic Compound

A type of compound in which carbon atoms are nearly always bonded to each other, to hydrogen atoms, and occasionally to atoms of a few specific elements

Carbon Bonding Likelihood

Carbon is more likely to share electrons than to gain or lose electrons, resulting in covalent bonding

Carbon Valence Electrons

Carbon has four valence electrons and can bond to as many as four different atoms

Carbon Molecular Shape

Carbon bonding to four different atoms produces a molecule with a tetrahedron shape

Hydrocarbon

Organic compounds composed of hydrogen and carbon atoms

Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons that do not contain a benzene ring, divided into alkanes, cycloalkanes, alkenes, and alkynes

Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons that contain aromatic ring structures such as benzene

Alkanes Classification

Aliphatic hydrocarbons containing only single bonds (Example: Ethane, CH_{3}-CH_{3})

Cycloalkanes Classification

Aliphatic hydrocarbons with carbon atoms bonded in rings

Alkenes Classification

Aliphatic hydrocarbons containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond (Example: Ethene, CH_{2}=CH_{2})

Alkynes Classification

Aliphatic hydrocarbons containing at least one carbon-carbon triple bond (Example: Ethyne, HC\equiv CH)

Alkanes

Saturated hydrocarbons containing only carbon and hydrogen bonded together through carbon-hydrogen and carbon-carbon single bonds

General Formula of Alkanes

C_{n}H_{2n+2}

Molecular Formula

Tells the kind and number of each type of atom in a molecule but does not show the bonding pattern

Structural Formula

Shows each atom and bond in a molecule

Condensed Formula

Shows all the atoms in a molecule and places them in a sequential order that indicates which atoms are bonded to which

Line Formula (Skeletal Structure)

The simplest representation of a molecule where carbon atoms are assumed to be at line intersections and line ends bonded to the correct number of hydrogen atoms

Isomers

Molecules with the same molecular formula but atoms in different arrangements

Constitutional / Structural Isomers

Molecules with the same molecular formula but the atoms are bonded in a different sequence

Stereoisomers

Molecules with the same molecular formula and sequence of atoms, but differing in the three-dimensional orientation of atoms

Diastereomer

Stereoisomers based on the presence of a double bond (e.g., cis and trans isomers)

Enantiomer

Stereoisomers that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other

Polarity of Hydrocarbons

All hydrocarbons are non-polar molecules

Melting and Boiling Points of Hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons have relatively low melting points and boiling points

Density of Hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons are less dense than water

Effect of Chain Length on Physical Properties

The longer the hydrocarbon chain, the higher the melting and boiling points and the greater the density

1 = Meth-, 2 = Eth-, 3 = Prop-, 4 = But-, 5 = Pent-, 6 = Hex-, 7 = Hept-, 8 = Oct-, 9 = Non-, 10 = Dec-

Prefixes for Carbon Chains

Primary (1°) Carbon

A carbon atom attached to only one other carbon atom

Secondary (2°) Carbon

A carbon atom attached to two other carbon atoms

Tertiary (3°) Carbon

A carbon atom attached to three other carbon atoms

Quaternary (4°) Carbon

A carbon atom attached to four other carbon atoms

IUPAC

responsible for establishing and maintaining a standard system for naming organic compounds

IUPAC Nomenclature System

The official standard system for naming organic compounds developed by IUPAC

IUPAC Rule 1 & 2 (Parent Chain)

Determine the longest continuous carbon chain in the compound as the parent name using the carbon count prefix and suffix "-ane"

IUPAC Rule 3 (Numbering)

Number the parent chain to give the lowest number to the carbon bonded to the first substituent group encountered

IUPAC Rule 4 (Substituents)

Name and number each atom or group attached to the parent compound to indicate its position and identity

IUPAC Rule 5 (Multiple Substituents)

If a substituent occurs more than once, give each a separate position number and use prefixes like di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-

IUPAC Rule 6 (Alphabetical Order)

Place the names of the substituents in alphabetical order before the name of the parent compound

Cycloalkanes

A family of hydrocarbons consisting of carbon-carbon single bonds arranged in a ring structure

General Formula of Cycloalkanes

C_{n}H_{2n}