PSY 212: Biopsychology Final Review 4 (Sleep and Biological Rhythms)

Is sleep different across species?

YES

What sleeps unilaterally so they can continue moving?

cetaceans

What headset monitors neural activity during sleep?

EEG

What headset monitors muscle tone during sleep?

EMG

What headset monitors eye-movement during sleep?

EOG

What waves signify wakefullness and alertness?

Beta Waves

What waves signify restfulness and decreased neural activity?

Alpha Waves

What is the first stage of sleep that transitions between sleep and wakefulness?

Theta Activity

What stage of sleep is characterized by irregular firing patterns and sleep spindles?

Sleep Stage Two

What sleep stage if characterized by high amplitude, low frequency waves

Stage Three Sleep (deep sleep or slow wave sleep)W

In what sleep stage does delta activity increase to 50%

Stage Four Sleep

What is the fifth sleep stage?

REM

What waves is REM sleep comprised of?

Beta and Theta waves

Do we have muscle tone during REM sleep?

NOOOOOO (TOTAL PARALYSIS)

What sleep stage is associated with sexual arrousal?

REM

Being woken up from which sleep stages will leave you groggy without reports of dreams?

Stages 3 or 4

Being woken up in which stage ensures you will remember the dream you were having?

REM (5)

During which stage of sleep do night terrors occur?

slow-wave sleep

What sleep disorder reportedly affects 25% of the population?

Insomnia

What is one of the main causes of insomnia?

Sleep apnea

What categories do sleep medicines fall under?

-Antihistamines

-Antiglutamatergics

-GABA agonists

-Adenosine agonists

What is likely the cause of Narcolepsy?

a mutated gene for Orexin

What medication is used to treat Narcolepsy?

Modafinil

What is cataplexy?

complete muscle weakness

What is sleep paralysis?

brief inability to move just before falling asleep or just after waking (after physical exertion)

Why does REM sleep disorder occur?

The motor neurons do not get paralyzed

What sleep disorder is a neurodegenerative one?

REM Sleep Disorder

What are some slow-wave sleep issues?

-Bedwetting

-Sleep Talking

-Night Terrors

-Sleep-related eating disorders

Why do we have slow-wave sleep?

neural rest

Why do we have slow-wave sleep and REM?

memory consolidation

Why do we have REM sleep?

promotes neurodevelopment

What does sleep deprivation impair?

the brain and cognition

Are long periods without sleep ever made up entirely?

NOPE

What is the product of cellular oxidative stress?

Free radicals

What is a fatal sleep disorder?

Fatal Familial Insomnia

What increases the prevalence of slow-wave sleep?

mental exercises

What is explicit memory?

memory for people, places, episodes

Whaaaat is implicit memory?

memory for procedures and activities

What does the body keep track of for sleep?

sleep debt

What does the body promote during the day?

alertness

What does the body promote at night?

sleep

What is Adenosine?

a nucleoside neuromodulator

What neurotransmitters counteract sleep-promoters?

Acetylcholine

Norepinephrine

Serotonin

Histamine

Orexi

What are the two origins of cholinergic system?

1. Ponsreticular formation

2. Basal Forebrain

What is responsible for the neural desynchrony observed during certain stages of sleep and wakefulness

cholinergic activity

What are the NE pathways considered?

vigilance

Where are histamines located?

TMN of Hypothalamus

What is sleep controlled by?

Homeostasis, allostasis, and circadian rythms

What is known as our biological clocks?

circadian rhythms

What are circadian rhythms controlled by?

light, stimulus, internal clocks,

What are our internal clocks called?

zeitgerbers

What are long-acting rhythms?

seasonal rhythms

What secretes melatonin?

the pineal gland

How do you fix shift work/jet lag>

external cues to recalibrate rhythms