PHA 538 Lab 9: Brain and Cranial Nerves

Flashcards covering the external and internal anatomy of the brain, cranial nerve functions and clinical testing, meninges, and CSF circulation based on Lab 9 Lab Study Guide.

Frontal lobe

planning and initiating muscle contractions and regulating higher-order cognitive behaviors

Parietal lobe

integrates sensory information such as pain, temperature, pressure, and touch.

Temporal lobe

language, processing auditory information, and some visual perception.

Occipital lobe

major visual processing center

Insula

visceral sensations, pain, temperature, olfaction, hearing, taste, emotion, and behavior.

Longitudinal fissure

separates the two cerebral hemispheres.

Central sulcus

separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobes.

Lateral sulcus

separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes.

Calcarine sulcus

separates gyri associated with vision.

Cingulate gyrus

regulates autonomic and endocrine responses to emotions

Precentral gyrus

processing motor information.

Postcentral gyrus

processing somatosensory information.

Cerebral cortex

higher nervous system functions.

Primary motor cortex

controls precise movements of skeletal muscles

Premotor cortex

helps plan complex tasks

Broca’s area

planning and production of speech.

Primary somatosensory cortex

receives sensory information from the skin and proprioceptors to allow for spatial discrimination.

Primary visual cortex

]receives visual sensory information from the retina of the contralateral eye.

Primary auditory cortex

receives and processes auditory sensory information.

Primary olfactory cortex

receives and processes olfactory stimuli

Primary gustatory cortex

receives and processes taste stimuli

Prefrontal cortex

responsible for cognition, planning, reasoning, judgment, and personality.

Corpus callosum

connecting the two cerebral hemispheres to allow quick and effective communication.

Septum pellucidum

separates the right and left lateral ventricles of the brain.

Basal nuclei

]regulates skeletal motor functions, cognition, and emotion.

Amygdala

regulates fear and anxiety-related responses.

Hippocampus

regulates learning, memory, behavior, and spatial navigation.

Fornix

formation of long-term memory.

Epithalamus

connects limbic system structures to the rest of the brain

Pineal gland

secretes melatonin to regulate wake-sleep cycles

Thalamus

relays sensory and motor information

Lateral geniculate nucleus

main relay center for the visual pathway.

Medial geniculate nucleus

main relay center for the auditory pathway.

Hypothalamus

monitors homeostatic functions like hunger, thirst, temperature, and heart rate.

Subthalamus

regulating motor movements in conjunction with the basal nuclei.

Midbrain

motor impulses

Superior colliculus

visual information and initiates eye and head reflexive movements.

Inferior colliculus

processes sound location, pitch, rhythm, and body orientation

Pons

connects the cerebellum, brainstem, and spinal cord

Medulla Oblongata

cardiac, respiratory, and vasomotor centers controlling vital functions like blood pressure and breathing rhythm.

Arbor vitae

Tree-resembling white matter tracts

Vermis

helps coordinate movements of the head, trunk, and proximal superior limbs.

Cerebellar tonsils

helps regulate limb movements

Dura mater

The tough outermost layer of the meninges

Falx cerebri

A double-layered infolding of dura mater lying in the sagittal plane between the cerebral hemispheres.

Falx cerebelli

A double-layered infolding of dura mater lying in the sagittal plane between the cerebellar hemispheres.

Tentorium cerebelli

A horizontal infolding of dura mater between the cerebellum and the occipital lobe; protects the cerebellum and brainstem from pressure.

Arachnoid mater

The thin, weblike middle layer of the meninges

Pia mater

The thin, transparent innermost layer of the meninges

Epidural space

The potential space between the skull bones and the dura mater

Subdural space

The potential space between the dura and arachnoid mater containing a small amount of serous fluid.

Subarachnoid space

The space deep to the arachnoid mater that contains blood vessels and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

Choroid plexuses

Structures within the ventricles containing blood capillaries lined by ependymal cells that filter blood to produce CSF.

Lateral ventricles

Large C-shaped CSF-filled cavities in the cerebral hemispheres that start the circulation of CSF.

Interventricular foramina

Small openings that allow CSF to pass from the lateral ventricles into the third ventricle.

Third ventricle

A flat CSF-filled cavity in the diencephalon between the two thalami.

Cerebral aqueduct

connects the third and fourth ventricles.

Fourth ventricle

receives csf via aquaduct

Arachnoid granulations

help reabsorb CSF into the venous circulation

Olfactory Nerve (I)

A sensory nerve, originates nasal cavity, cribriform foramina, targets olfactory cortex, that carries smell information

Optic Nerve (II)

A sensory nerve originating in the retina, optic canal, targets visual cortex, that carries visual information

Oculomotor Nerve (III)

A motor nerve that directs eye movement, originates pontomesencephalic junction, superior orbital fissure, constricts the pupil, and controls lens accommodation

Trochlear Nerve (IV)4

A motor nerve originates dorsal midbrain, targets the superior oblique muscle to abduct, depress, and rotate the eye medially.

Trigeminal Nerve (V)5

A mixed nerve originates in pons, targets skin of face and anterior scalp, three divisions/foramina (V1, V2, V3) and innervates mucosa of mouth nose and muscles of mastication.

Abducens Nerve (VI)6

A motor nerve originates in pontomedullary junction, superior orbital fissure, targets lateral rectus that moves the eyeball laterally

Facial Nerve (VII)7

A mixed nerve originates in pontomedullary junction originates internal acoustic meatus, targets muscles of facial expressions, tongue lacrimal gland and salivary glands, innervating muscles of facial expression

Vestibulocochlear Nerve (VIII)8

A sensory nerve originates inner ear, internal acoustic meatus, targets pontomedullary junction, carries equilibrium and hearing information.

Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX)9

A mixed nerve originates medulla, jugular foramina, targerts pharyngeal muscles, provides taste for the posterior 1/3 of the tongue, and stimulates the parotid gland.

Vagus Nerve (X)10

A mixed nerve originates medulla jugular formina targets pharynx, epiglottis ect, that controls heart rate, breathing, and digestive motility, and carries taste from the epiglottis.

Spinal Accessory Nerve (XI)11

A motor nerve originating from the cervical spinal cord, enters foramen magnum exits jugular foramina, target rtrapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles.

Hypoglossal Nerve (XII)12

A motor nerve originates medulla, hypoglossal canal, targets tongue muscles, manipulating food, swallowing, and speech.

Olfactory Nerve (I) Injury

Loss of sense of smell (anosmia).

Optic Nerve (II) Injury

Loss of vision or visual field defects.

Oculomotor Nerve (III) Injury

Ptosis (drooping eyelid), dilated pupil, and loss of eye movement.

Trochlear Nerve (IV) Injury

Difficulty moving the eye downward and laterally.

Trigeminal Nerve (V) Injury

Loss of facial sensation and difficulty chewing.

Abducens Nerve (VI) Injury

Inability to abduct the eye (move it laterally).

Facial Nerve (VII) Injury

Facial paralysis or weakness, loss of taste in anterior two-thirds of the tongue.

Vestibulocochlear Nerve (VIII) Injury

Hearing loss and balance issues.

Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX) Injury

Loss of taste in the posterior one-third of the tongue; difficulty swallowing.

Vagus Nerve (X) Injury

Difficulty swallowing, hoarseness, and loss of gag reflex.

Spinal Accessory Nerve (XI) Injury

Weakness in shoulder elevation and head turning.

Hypoglossal Nerve (XII) Injury

Difficulty speaking and swallowing, deviation of the tongue.