Psych 202 Chapter 6

The period of initial learning in classical conditioning in which an organism begins to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus is called __________.

acquisition

The form of learning that involves connecting certain stimuli or events that occur together in the environment is known as __________.

associative learning

In classical conditioning, the learning process in which the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior is referred to as __________.

classical conditioning

The mental picture of the layout of the environment is known as __________.

cognitive map

The response caused by the conditioned stimulus is called __________.

conditioned response (CR)

A stimulus that elicits a response due to its being paired with an unconditioned stimulus is termed __________.

conditioned stimulus (CS)

When a behavior is rewarded every time it occurs, it is known as __________.

continuous reinforcement

The decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the conditioned stimulus is called __________.

extinction

Rewarding a behavior after a set amount of time is referred to as a __________ reinforcement schedule.

fixed interval reinforcement schedule

A __________ reinforcement schedule requires a set number of responses before a behavior is rewarded.

fixed ratio reinforcement schedule

Using a conditioned stimulus to condition a neutral stimulus is known as __________.

higher-order conditioning

Unlearned knowledge involving complex patterns of behavior is referred to as __________.

instinct

Learning that occurs but may not be evident until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called __________ learning.

latent learning

The principle that behaviors followed by satisfying consequences will be repeated is known as the __________ of effect.

law

A change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience is referred to as __________.

learning

In observational learning, a person who performs a behavior that serves as an example is called a __________.

model

Taking away a pleasant stimulus to decrease or stop a behavior is known as __________ punishment.

negative

Taking away an undesirable stimulus to increase a behavior is termed __________ reinforcement.

negative

A stimulus that does not initially elicit a response is called __________ stimulus (NS).

neutral

Observational learning occurs by __________ others.

watching

A form of learning where the stimulus or experience happens after the behavior is known as __________ conditioning.

operant

When a behavior is rewarded only some of the time, it is called __________ reinforcement.

partial

Adding an undesirable stimulus to stop or decrease a behavior is referred to as __________ punishment.

positive

Adding a desirable stimulus to increase a behavior is known as __________ reinforcement.

positive

A primary reinforcer has innate reinforcing qualities, such as __________.

food

The implementation of a consequence in order to decrease a behavior is known as __________.

punishment

The version of behaviorism developed by B. F. Skinner, which suggests complex functions like language are just stimulus-outcome associations, is called __________ behaviorism.

radical

An unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus is referred to as a __________.

reflex

The implementation of a consequence in order to increase a behavior is termed __________.

reinforcement

A secondary reinforcer has no inherent value on its own and is only reinforcing when linked with something else, such as __________.

money

The process of rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior is known as __________.

shaping

The return of a previously extinguished conditioned response is referred to as __________ recovery.

spontaneous

The ability to respond differently to similar stimuli is called __________ discrimination.

stimulus

Demonstrating the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus is known as __________ generalization.

stimulus

The natural (unlearned) behavior to a given stimulus is called __________ response (UCR).

unconditioned

A stimulus that elicits a reflexive response is known as __________ stimulus (UCS).

unconditioned

In a variable interval reinforcement schedule, behavior is rewarded after __________ amounts of time have passed.

unpredictable

In a variable ratio reinforcement schedule, the number of responses __________ before a behavior is rewarded.

differ

The process where the observer sees the model punished, making them less likely to imitate the model’s behavior is called __________ punishment.

vicarious

The process where the observer sees the model rewarded, making them more likely to imitate the model’s behavior is referred to as __________ reinforcement.

vicarious