토플리딩ch1

constrict

make narrower, especially by encircling pressure.

command

The technique involves a strong physical command of vocal organs.

1. give an authoritative order.
2.dominate (a strategic position) from a superior height.

practitioner

A person who practices in a profession, such as medicine
전문가

atonomy

조직

layrynx

후두

membrane

A thin covering of tissue 막

vestibular fold

false vocal cord 가성대

vestibular

the sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance

fibrous

fibrous tissue

섬유로된, 섬유의

breed, bred, bred

the capacity of some animals to breed in different ways.

to produce young animals, birds, etc

abiogenesis

spontaneous generation

materialize

he proposed that life could materialize from nonliving things.

To become real or actual
나타나다

avenue

He declared it as a possible avenue.

an intangible path or approach to something
방법

aphid

진디

subsist on

thousands of refugees subsist on international handouts.

org. stand firm-> contigue to exist

maintain or support oneself, especially at a minimal level.
생활하다

maggot

구더기

bale

old bales of hay

더미

lubricant

윤활유

opening
an aperture or gap, especially one allowing access.
"she peered through one of the smaller openings"

틈

viscosity

점도

inversely proportionate

반비례하는

Schizophrenia

정신분열증

hallucination

환각

delusion

망각

manifest

"the system's manifest failings"
"Ray manifested signs of severe depression"

clear or obvious to the eye or mind.
display or show (a quality or feeling) by one's acts or appearance; demonstrate.

incident

It's incident in some parts of the world is increasing.

an event or occurrence

microbial bacteria

세균성 미생물

microbial

미생물의

microbe

미생물

desiccation
"long periods of drought have led to the desiccation of farming land"

the removal of moisture from something.
건조

pathogenic

causing disease
병원성의

genotype

genetic makeup of an organism
유전자형

sterile

불임의

progeny

offspring; children
자손

propaganda

Ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause.선전

regime

정권

footage

a length of film made for movies or television
영상

commission
"the portrait was commissioned by his widow in 1792"

give an order for or authorize the production of (something such as a building, piece of equipment, or work of art).
주문하다

intersperse

To distribute in between or scatter here and there
중간중간 배치하다, 흩뿌리다

overly

지나치게

incorporate

to bring together features, ideas, or elements

accomplished

to complete something successfully, skilled

embrace

to hug

fertilize

cause (an egg, female animal, or plant) to develop a new individual by introducing male reproductive material.

breeding ground

번식지

amplexus

The copulatory(성교하는,교미하는) embrace of frogs and toads, during which the male fertilizes the eggs that are released by the female.
포접

embryo

An organism in the earliest stage of development
배아

spawn

(개구리, 물고기 등이) 알을 낳다

frogspawn

개구리알

graduate
"he started with motorbikes but now he's graduated to his first car"
"They feed on the frogspawn in the first few days before graduating to a diet of algae."

move up to (a more advanced level or position).

gill

아가미

metamorphosis

변태

encase

to enclose

encasement

the act of enclosing something in a case

emerge
"black ravens emerged from the fog"
"as the embroys grow, they turn into tadpoles and emerge from the soft encasements."

move out of or away from something and come into view.

deposit
"he deposited a pile of schoolbooks on the kitchen table"
"males fertilize the eggs once they are deposited into shallow, still water by the females."

put or set down (something or someone) in a specific place, typically unceremoniously.

extremity

끝

shed

떨어뜨리다

virtually

nearly, almost

fauna

동물군

arid

건조한

lagoon

a small freshwater lake near a larger lake or river.
석호
석호(lagoon)는 사주섬(barrier island)이나 산호초에 의해 큰 수괴(외해)와 분리된 얕은 수역을 말하며(그림 1), 연안석호(coastal lagoons)와 환초석호(atoll lagoons)(그림2)로 구분된다.석호는 사질 및 역질 퇴적물로 구성된 해안에서 주로 발달한다.해안의 만이 사주, 사취 등의 성장으로 인해 바다로부터 분리되어 형성된 호수.
https://terms.naver.com/entry.naver?docId=1108013&cid=40942&categoryId=32304

saltworks

제염소

assert
"Venice began asserting control over the regional salt market."

To state or express firmly
주장하다

salinity

A measure of the amount of dissolved salts in a given amount of liquid
염도

saline
1. 형용사 전문 용어 소금이 든, 염분이 함유된
2. 명사 전문 용어 염분

impetus
plural noun: impetuses
"the crisis of the 1860s provided the original impetus for the settlements"

a moving force, impulse, stimulus
동기
the force that makes something happen or happen more quickly.

drainage basin

배수유역

ruthless

무자비한

avenue
"three possible avenues of research suggested themselves"

a way of approaching a problem or making progress toward something.
=method

arragement
"all the arrangements for the wedding were made"

plans or preparations for a future event.

vessel

a ship or large boat

at its height

절정일때

steadfastly

with firmness; without changing

convincingly

in a way that causes someone to believe that something is true or real.

fleet
"the small port supports a fishing fleet"
"It upgraded its shipping fleet to reduce shipping times."

a group of ships sailing together, engaged in the same activity, or under the same ownership.

aspiring
"the mass media presented out for aspiring poets."

seeking to gain; desiring; ambitious
포부가 있는

periodical

정기간행물

foklore

신화

dreary

depressing and boring
음울한

urbane

refined in manner or style, suave, sophistcated

inert
"she lay inert in her bed"

lacking the ability or strength to move, inactive

respite
"the refugee encampments will provide some respite from the suffering"

a period of relief or rest

stardom

스타덤, 스타의 반열

incorporate

combine so as to form one body

allegorical

우의적인/ Allegorical means containing a moral or hidden meaning. Allegorical stories and plays use concrete ideas as symbols for deeper or layered meanings. Folk tales and fables are often allegorical. Visual art, like paintings, can also be allegorical, with religious or even political messages symbolized by painted figures.

scores

많은

perch
"with its ravens perched before a stark backdrop"

(새가)앉다

stark

황량한
(adj.) harsh, unrelieved, desolate; (adv.) utterly

backdrop

배경

eerie

오싹한

adaptation

각색

on a positive note

used when saying what is good about something

disperse /dəˈspərs/
"storms can disperse seeds via high altitudes"

distribute or spread over a wide area.

in commemoration of
"Poe wrote it in commemoration of a personal lass that he suffered."

a ceremony to honor the memory of someone or something

exploit
"500 companies sprang up to exploit this new technology"

make full use of and derive benefit from (a resource).

replenish

(v.) to fill again, make good, replace

impermeable
"an impermeable membrane"

not allowing fluid to pass through

sendimentation

퇴적작용

*be subjected to : Emperor penguins are subjected to the severe cold of Antarctic winters.
*be subject to : Departure time was subject to change.

be subjected to : ~를 받다, ~를 당하다, ~에 놓이다
be subject to : ~에 영향을 받기 쉬운, ~하는 경향이 있는, ~을 받을 수 있는(예정)

shale

셰일, 이판암(얇은 층으로 되어 있어 잘 벗겨지는 퇴적암)