Bio 205 exam 1 csulb

What is science?

Knowledge or a system of knowledge covering general truths or the operation of general laws especially as obtained and tested through scientific method

Scientific Method Steps

See a problem ● Make a hypothesis ● Design an experiment / Scientific method: ● Test!!! ○ Again and again and again ● Math :( ● Share results with others ○ Peer review

Laws

describes a natural occurrence without attempting to explain WHY

• frequently expressed as simple mathematical
  equations

Scientific Theory

explains an occurrence, must be well supported by scientific community

• theory=fact

• ● Must be testable
  ○ consistent results
  ○ retesting by other scientists
  Theory = fact

Hypothesis

a proposed explanation; tries to solve a problem

• ● More than an educated guess, idea, or concept
  ● Must be testable
  ● You can NEVER prove your hypothesis!!!
  ● BUT you can FAIL to REJECT it as incorrect

Null Hypothesis

the converse of the expected results. Usually we say there will be "no trend" or any trend we do observe is due to chance.

Alternative/Operational Hypothesis

a falsifiable statement of the predicted results

Scientific Experiment

an orderly procedure carried out with the goal of verifying, refuting, or establishing the validity of a hypothesis

• ● Designed to be repeatable
  ● Designed with controls/variables

Variables

characteristic that is being measured(changes)

Controls

static characteristic (remains unchanged)

Properties of Life (1) Order

must be made up of cells & must conform to life's hierarchy of organization

Properties of Life (2) Reproduction

must able to pass genetic information on its own (reproduce)

• make babies

Properties of Life (3) Growth & Development

grown in size or numbers

• life cycle

Properties of Life (4) Energy Processing

must acquire chemical energy (EAT)

Properties of Life (5) Regulation

must maintain internal environment ● homeostasis

Properties of Life (6) Response to Environment

must respond to external stimuli ● moves if you poke it

Properties of Life (7) Evolutionary Adaptation

must be able to adapt to their environment ● evolvability

Covalent Bond

when atoms share electrons

Ionic Bond

when atoms take/give electrons

Hydrogen Bonds

a weak bond(ish) between polar (+/- charged) molecules

Solvent

the dissolving agent that breaks apart stuff

Solution

a liquid consisting of two or more substances mixed uniformly

Hydrophobic

"water fearing" ● non water soluble

Hydrophilic

"water loving" ● water soluble

Acid

donates hydrogen ions (H+) within a solution typically sour

Base

accepts H+ within a solution (OH-) typically slippery to the touch, tastes bitter

Macromolecules

extra large organic molecules that make up all living things

Organic Compound

carbon based molecules

Dehydration Synthesis

a reaction that removes a molecule of water as it bonds 2 other molecules together

Hydrolysis

a reaction that breaks a chemical bond by adding a water molecule

Polymers

large molecules consisting of many identical/similar building blocks

tissues and cells

Monomers

building blocks of polymers

Carbohydrates

macromolecules that contain C x (H2O)x

Glucose

a monosaccharide

• main product of photosynthesis

• bodys preffered fuel source

• C 6 H 12 O 6

Lipid

macromolecule which does not mix with water ● Important in long-term energy storage ● 2x as much energy as carbs!

Unsaturated Fatty Acid

fatty acid that contains 1+ double bonds ● Fewer than expected H+ ● Unsaturated with H+

• liquid at room temp

Saturated Fatty Acid

fatty acid that has no double bonds ● As many H as expected ● That is saturated with H

• solid t room temp

Trans Fats

a form of fat that probably is killing us slowly, but deliciously :(

Phospholipids

2 fatty acids +POLAR phosphorous head ● Important part of cell walls!!!

Steroids

formed by four fused rings of carbon ● frequently used as hormones

Amino Acid

Monos that make up proteins

• only 20 different amino acids

Polypeptide

a chain of amino acids

Protein

a polymer made up of amino acids

Primary Structure

the amino acids in the specific sequence in which they occur

Secondary Structure

the coiling or folding of the primary structure

Tertiary Structure

the overall 3D shape of the protein

Quaternary Structure

multiple 3rd structured proteins coiled together in a multi subunit complex

Enzyme

highly specific chemical catalysts, Increases rate of reaction without being consumed by the reaction

Prions!!!

infectious proteins!!! A misfolded protein that causes other proteins to also spontaneous misfold. Caused by eating BRAINS!!

Denaturation

when a protein loses its shape, and thus its function

● Usually permanent
● Typically caused by temp, pH, inorganic salts, etc.

Cell Theory

properties of cells ● a scientific theory: 1) Smallest functional unit upon which life is based 2) All living things are made up of cells 3) All cells come from other cells, no spontaneous generation

Eukaryotic

"true cell" (humans, fish, plants, etc.)

prokaryotic cell

a type of cell that does not have a true nucleus or membrane-bound organelles.

Organelles

membrane bound "little organs" highly specific chemical catalysts
● Increases rate of reaction without being consumed
by the reaction

Cellular metabolism

chemical activities of the cell

● What the organelles are doing

Fluid Mosaic Model

the idea that the plasma membrane is a super complex and awesome thing!!!

Diffusion

the tendency of particles to move from high to low concentrations until an equilibrium is achieved

Concentration Gradient

gradual change in the [solutes] in a solution

Passive Transport

when molecules diffuse across cell membranes

• ● No work = Passive
  ● Typically small, nonpolar
  & essential stuff

Facilitated Diffusion

a type of PT ● Requires help from a transport protein ○ Typically larger, polar & essential stuff

Osmosis

diffusion of water across a membrane

Osmoregulation

the control of water balance

Tonicity

the ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain/lose water

Hypotonic

having fewer solutes

Isotonic

having the same amount of solutes

Hypertonic

having more solutes

Active Transport

when a cell must expend energy to move a solute AGAINST its gradient

● Use ATP as fuel

Exocytosis

the process cells use to EXPORT large molecules

(proteins, poly saccs, etc.)

Endocytosis

the process cells use to IMPORT large molecules

(proteins, poly
saccs, etc.)

Cellular Respiration

a set of metabolic reactions which occur in cells

Breaks down organic molecules to produce ATP
(and waste products)
+ waste

ATP

Adenosine Triphosphate!!!

Cell Division

cellular reproduction

4 Reasons Cell Division:

1. Repro of single-celled organisms 2. Multicell organisms grow 3. Repair/replacement of cells 4. Sperm/egg production

Sexual Reproduction

the creation of genetically SIMILAR offspring (think siblings)

Chromatin

DNA + proteins

Prophase

1st part of mitosis, Chromos become visible (with micro)

Metaphase

2nd part of mitosis, Chromos line up on metaphase plate

Anaphase

3rd part of mitosis, Chromos pulled towards poles via centrosome

Telophase

4th part of mitosis

• cell elongates

• reverse of prophase

Cytokinesis

part of the M
phase
● After mitosis
● Cytoplasm of a cell
divides

Cleavage Furrow

• a shallow indentation
  in the cell's surface

• orchestrated by cytoskeleton

Cancer is a broad group of diseases

unregulated cell growth

● Escapes checkpoints
● Divides rapidly
● NOT density dependent

Tumor

is an abnormally growing mass of body cells

Benign Tumors

— remain at the original site

Malignant Tumors

spread to other locations
● “has cancer”

Metastasis

the spread of cancers to other sites

Cancer Staging

— describes the severity of an
individual's cancer
● Universal language
● Stages 0-IV, specific like BC SI or LCS IV
○ some cancers don’t stage
Cancer :(
Breast cancer stage one
Lung cancer stage four

Stage 0

abnormal cells, “precancerous”

Stage I

cancer cells are in one specific part of
the body
● Surgically removed if small enough

Stage 2

cancer advances in that one specific
part of the body
● “Early”
● Can be treated by chemo, radiation, or
surgery

Stage 3

cancer continues to advance in that one
specific part of the body
● Ex: entire left lung or entire right breast
● “Late”
● Can be treated by chemo, radiation, or
surgery

Stage 4

cancer has spread to multiple organs
throughout the body
● Can be treated by chemo, radiation, or
surgery