APUSH 4:8

Adams-Onís Treaty

an agreement between the U.S. and Spain where Spain ceded Florida to the United States, and in return, the U.S. surrendered its claims to Texas and agreed to a border for the Louisiana Purchase

American System

an economic plan championed by Henry Clay in the early 19th century consisting of three main parts: a national bank, protective tariffs, and federally funded internal improvements like roads and canals

Francis Cabot Lowell

a key American industrialist who developed the Lowell System after touring British textile mills

Gibbons v. Ogden

a landmark Supreme Court case that established the principle that the federal government has the exclusive power to regulate interstate commerce under the Constitution's Commerce Clause

Henry Clay

a prominent 19th-century American statesman from Kentucky known as "The Great Compromiser" for his role in crafting key compromises, including the Missouri Compromise and the Compromise of 1850, to prevent sectional conflict

John Quincy Adams

the sixth U.S. President (1825-1829) who advocated for a strong federal government to promote economic modernization through internal improvements like roads and canals, a vision that clashed with the more populist approach of Andrew Jackson

McCulloch v. Maryland

a landmark Supreme Court case that affirmed the principle of implied powers for Congress under the Necessary and Proper Clause and established the supremacy of federal law over state law

Missouri Compromise

a series of legislative measures that maintained the balance of power between slave and free states by admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state

Monroe Doctrine

a U.S. foreign policy, declared in 1823 by President James Monroe, that warned European powers to not interfere in the Western Hemisphere

Sectionalism

the loyalty to one's own region or section of the country rather than to the nation as a whole, leading to different social, economic, and political interests between the North, South, and West

Seminole War

a series of three conflicts in Florida (1817–18, 1835–42, 1855–58) between the U.S. and the Seminole people, driven by U.S. expansionism and the desire to remove Native Americans from their land

Sequoyah

the Cherokee who created the Cherokee syllabary in 1821, a written system that enabled literacy and the publication of newspapers and books in the Cherokee language

Stephen H. Long

an American explorer who led an expedition in 1820 to explore the central part of the Louisiana Purchase, mapping parts of the Great Plains and rivers like the Platte

Tallmadge Amendment

a proposed bill in 1819 to admit Missouri to the Union as a free state, which sparked major debate over the expansion of slavery

Transportation Improvements

innovations like the Transportation Revolution (which includes canals, steamboats, and railroads), and the development of roads and turnpikes

Worcester v. Georgia

a Supreme Court case that upheld the sovereignty of the Cherokee Nation, ruling that Georgia's state laws had no force within Cherokee territory, as only the federal government had authority over Native American lands