nfs exam

aerobic benefits

Lowers resting heart rate

Anaerobic Benefits

-Increases endurance and ability to stand fatigue
- Can help with weight loss

stretching

-Improves flexibility
- Determines range of motion, improves performance in certain activities and may reduce risk of injuries
- Muscular skeletal system

Physical activity and fitness benefit people's physical and psychological well-being and improve their resistance to ____a_____. The Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans specify an amount of ___b_____ physical activity needed weekly to improve the health of adults aged 18 to 64 years and also state that ____c_____ training is beneficial and counts toward meeting activity goals.

a. Disease
b. Aerobic
c. Resistance

Iron-deficiency ____a____ impairs physical performance because iron is in the blood's ____b____ handler.

a. Anemia
b. Oxygen

In the early minutes of an activity, muscle ____a____ provides the
majority of energy the muscles use to go into action. The more ____b_____ a person eats, the more glycogen muscle store and the longer the stores will last to support physical activity. During activity the hormone ____c_____ helps to prevent a drop in blood glucose.

a. Glycogen
b. Carbohydrate
c. Glucagon

Athletes must strive to develop ___a_____ and endurance, of course, but they also need muscle power to drive their movements, quick reaction time to respond with ____b____, agility to instantly change direction, increased resistance to muscle fatigue, and mental toughness to carry on when ____c____ sets in.

a. Strength b. Speed
c. Fatigue

Which of the following beverages is recommended for an athlete? a. Soda water
b. Beer
c. Carbonated diet drink d. Caffeinated coffee
e. Fruit juice

e. Fruit juice

The anaerobic breakdown of glucose produces _______.
a. Lactate
b. Ketone bodies c. Amino acids d. Glycogen
e. Galactose

lacate

Based on the protein recommendations for athletes (from the American College of Sports Medicine), approximately how many grams of protein should Sally, a long-distance runner, consume daily if she weighs 130 pounds?
a. 30 b. 47 c. 71 d. 100 e. 112

71

Some possible adverse effects of high-dose caffeine consumption among athletes include stomach ____a____, nervousness, irritability, headaches, ____b_____ and diarrhea. It can also ____c____ the blood vessels, increasing the ____d______ ____e______ at a given workload.

a. b. c. d. e.
Upset
Dehydration
Constrict
Heart
Rate

Which vitamin is important for immune function, regulates
immune cell (T-cell) responses, and has a role in antibody production?

Vitamin D

A thrombus that breaks loose and travels through the blood vessels

embolus

Lipid material mixed with smooth muscle cells and calcium that develop in the artery walls in atherosclerosis

plaques

Movement of cancer cells from one body part to another, usually by the wat of the body fluids

metastasis

Tiny cell-like fragments in the blood that are important in blood clot formation

platelets

A stationary blood clot

thrombus

Higher than normal blood pressure

hypertension

Which lifestyle modification would produce the greatest reduction in LDL cholesterol?

Reducing saturated fat

You are assisting with caregiving for an AIDS patient. To support
his nutrition status, you should _______.

Thoroughly cook all foods and practice food safety

You are a 35-year-old male who has just had a physical exam, the results of which are shown below. Which of the results indicated that you are at risk for CVD?

HDL cholesterol of 35 mg/dL

The DRI Committee's Tolerance Upper Intake Level for sodium is _______ milligrams per day.

2,300

The FDA has approved the use of aspartame as a sweetener. This
means that _______.

It has been shown to be safe and effective as a sweetener

what is the most immediate threat to the safety of our food supply

Microbial foodborne illness

To prevent bacterial growth, you should refrigerate food
immediately after serving a meal and definitely before _______ has(have) passed.

2 hours

Which of the following is true regarding organic foods?

They measurably reduce pesticide exposure

You are interested in using a preservative that will protect a food from microbes and prevent the food from becoming hazardous to health. Which of the following would you use?

Nitrites

During processing, foods often gain ______.

Sodium

Which food would be most susceptible to bacterial contamination during processing and preparation?

Meatloaf

Which characteristic is NOT considered to be a benefit of physical activity?

Reduction in gastric capacity and motility

What is the guideline for aerobic activity as defined by the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans?

A minimum of 150 minutes of moderate-intensity activity each week

What are the components of fitness?

Flexibility, muscle strength, muscle endurance, and cardiorespiratory endurance

What physiological factors determine VO2max?

The volume of blood and the number of red blood cells High-intensity work lasting more than a few seconds requires

High-intensity work lasting more than a few seconds requires muscles to rely upon which fuel metabolized through which energy system?

Glucose broken down via the anaerobic energy system

What sources of fuel does the aerobic energy system use?

Glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, and lactate

How does a high-carbohydrate diet help to sustain an athlete's endurance?

By ensuring ample glycogen stores

What factors affect protein use during physical activity?

Dietary carbohydrate intake, intensity and duration of the activity, and degree of training

A healthy athlete's diet is likely to consist of what macronutrient composition?

15% protein, 20% fat, and 65% carbs

Your friend, who is an athlete, wants to take a supplement to
improve his performance. What could you say to your friend regarding the use of supplements for improving athletic performance?

Supplements might be useful because vitamins and minerals are essential for releasing energy from the energy-yielding nutrients and for carrying out other functions that support physical activity

How does iron deficiency affect athletic performance?

Insufficient iron impairs aerobic work capacity, causing the athlete to tire easily

What beverage is the best choice for meeting an athlete's fluid needs?

Water, because it will replace the fluid lost from sweating during activity

What is the purpose of sweating?

As sweat evaporates it cools the skin's surface and the blood flowing beneath it

BK is a varsity athlete. If he is hungry 45 minutes before an intense competitive event, which would be the most sensible meal or snack choice for BK?

Large banana providing 30g of carbohydrate

Which statement about caffeine as an ergogenic aid is true?

It reportedly provides a physical boost during sports

what nutrient is correctly paired with its corresponding role in immune function

Vitamin A- maintains skin and epithelial cells

Which statement about inflammation is true?

it is an oxidative defense that is critical to staying healthy

What are risk factors?

Candidates for causes of chronic disease

Some risk factors, such as avoiding tobacco, are important to everyone's health but other are important for people who are _______ to certain diseases.

Genetically predisposed

How does diet impact the risk of developing CVD?

Diet-related factors can reduce LDL cholesterol

What is the ideal resting blood pressure?

What lifestyle modification is likely to provide the largest reduction in blood pressure for someone with hypertension?

Weight reduction of 10lb

What is the major risk factor for the majority of cancers?

Lifestyles

The majority of evidence supports a role for fiber-rich diets as
protective against ________ cancer.

colon

On a 2000-calorie diet, how many servings of grain per day does the DASH diet recommend?

6-8

What significance does the vegetable group have within the DASH eating plan?

An important source of potassium, magnesium, and fiber

What does the DASH diet recommend regarding fat consumption?

27% of calories as fat, including fat or added to foods

Which demographic will likely experience the most significant epigenetic changes?

Infants

Your friend wants to have her DNA tested because she thinks it will help her identify what foods she should eat. What is your advice?

Potential interactions between environmental factors and genome variations must be pinned down before effective application of DNA assessments is possible

How can you minimize your risks of heart attack and stroke?

Consume fewer grams of saturated and trans fats

What is the major agency charged with ensuring that the U.S. food supply is safe, wholesome, sanitary, and properly labeled?

Food and Drug Administration

What microbe is likely to be found in raw and undercooked
poultry, unpasteurized milk, and contaminated water?

Campylobacter

How does modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) enhance the safety and shelf-life of foods?

By reducing the available oxygen the helps microbes to grow

Which statement about pesticide residue is true?

Very small quantities of pesticide residues on agricultural products can survive processing, and traces are often present in foods served to people

The FDA has warned of unacceptable high levels of ________ in fish and other seafood

Mercury

The USDA inspects the production, manufacturing, and labeling of what type of food?

organic

Which substance is classified as an antioxidant additive?

Sulfites

What is the most appropriate way to prepare poultry stuffing?

Cook until the stuffing center reaches 165 degrees Fahrenheit

Who is most likely to incur harm from eating honey containing dormant spores of Clostridium botulinum?

An infant

What is a benefit of food irradiation?

rradiation eliminated organisms that cause foodborne illnesses, such as Salmonella and E. coli

Which statement regarding microwaving foods is true?

You should use only microwave-safe containers and wraps for microwaving food

What food processing technique may remove significant amounts
of thiamin?

Drying with sulfur dioxide

Frozen foods' nutrient content is most similar to what other type of food?

Fresh food

Genetically engineered organisms represent the highest
percentage of which crop grown in the United States?

Soybeans

Genetic modification has the potential to eliminate natural toxins in foods. What are two examples of foods that can be genetically modified to reduce their naturally occurring toxins?

Cassava and potatoes

intensity/duration relationship(s) with caloric expenditure

The longer and harder one works, the more calories will be
burned

Utility of sports drinks

Replace sodium from sweating

Fluid and electrolyte regulation for performance and health

-Replace lost fluids
-Replace sodium after loss from sweating

Ergogenic aids

Substances, appliance, or procedures that improve athletic performance

Types of diseases (2 main types) and how they are impacted by nutrition

Infectious and Chronic

Causes of death in the U.S. (in order, most deaths -> least deaths)

o Heart disease
o Cancers
o Chronic lung diseases
o Strokes
o Accidents
o Alzheimer's disease
o Diabetes
o Kidney diseases
o Pneumonia and influenza o Suicide

Body's defense systems against infection (skin)

Thickness, elasticity, and connective tissue are reduced compromising the skin's ability to serve as a barrier for the protection of underlying tissues; skin sensitivity reaction to antigens is delayed

Body's defense systems against infection (Digestive tract membrane and other body linings)

Antibody secretions and immune cell members are
reduced; barrier functions are also compromised

Body's defense systems against infection (Lymph tissues (thymus gland, lymph nodes, and spleen)

Immune system organs are reduced in size; cells of immune defense are depleted

Body's defense systems against infection (General response)

Invader kill time is prolonged; circulating immune cells are
reduced; immune response is impaired

Chronic inflammation

-Harms tissues
-Worsens chronic diseases

Acute inflammation

-Short-term process occurring in response to tissue injury,
usually appearing within minutes or hours
-Signaled by: pain, redness, immobility, swelling, and heat

Heart disease Dietary contributions (can be modified)

-High blood LDL cholesterol
-Low blood HDL cholesterol
- High blood triglyceride (VLDL) levels
- High blood pressure (hypertension)
- Diabetes
- Obesity (especially central obesity)
- Physical inactivity
- Cigarette smoking
-An "atherogenic" diet (high in saturated fats and trans fats
and low in vegetables, fruits, and whole grains)

heart diease Laboratory measures of risk (and target numbers) (cannot be modified)

-Increasing age
- Male gender
- Genetic inheritance

Metabolic syndrome

-Cluster of conditions that increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes
-Cluster of risk factors
- Obesity and insulin resistance

Governmental role(s) in food safety

- Set standards and establish regulations
-Regulate use of additives, packaging materials, and agricultural chemicals
- Inspect food processing and storage facilities
- Investigate outbreaks of food-borne illness

At risk populations

-young
-elderly
-immunocomprised

Food-borne infection

- Caused by pathogens that multiply in the human
body
- Usually from consumption of a large number of
pathogens that cause infection or produce toxins in
the body
- Salmonella or hepatitis

What approaches should be taken to minimize risk of each

- Choose foods carefully
- Prepare food in a clean kitchen to reduce cross-
contamination
-Store food in refrigerator or freezer
- Heat foods to recommended temperatures

3 microbes highlighted in class

Bacteria
Viruses
Mold (fungi)
Parasites
Prions

When contaminated plants or small animals are consumed by larger animals then eater by larger animals, reaching higher concentrations at each level of the food chain

Bioaccumulation