Ch. 1-7 CFS Midterm

Child and Family Science 38 - Life Span Development

Developed Countries

world’s most economically developed and affluent countries, with the highest median levels of income and education

US, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Chile, nearly all European countries, South Korea, Japan

Developed Countries contain:

20% - 1.3 Billion

Developed Countries is what percentage of the world?

Developing Countries

countries that have lower levels of income and education than developed countries but are experiencing rapid economic growth

India

Developing Countries contain:

80% - 6.3 Billion

Developing Countries is what percentage of the world?

Culture

Total pattern of a group’s customs, beliefs, art, and technology

Individualistic

A cultural orientation that emphasizes personal independence and the importance of individual rights and achievements

Developed, Western Countries

Individualistic Ideology is more common in?

Collectivistic

A cultural orientation that emphasizes group cohesion, community, and the prioritization of group goals over individual desires

Developing Countries

Collectivistic Ideology is more common in?

Sigmund Freud’s Psychosexual Stages

1. Oral - Infancy

2. Anal - Toddlerhood

3. Phalic - Early Childhood

4. Latency - Middle Childhood

5. Genital - Adolescence

Freud’s Psychosexual Stage 1 - Infancy

Oral: centered on the mouth; sucking, chewing

Freud’s Psychosexual Stage 2 - Toddlerhood

Anal: centered on anus; taking pleasure in defecating

Freud’s Psychosexual Stage 3 - Early Childhood

Phalic: centered on sexual desire for opposite-sex parent, fears same-sex parent

Freud’s Psychosexual Stage 4 - Middle Childhood

Latency: sexual feelings are repressed, focus on social interactions and skills

Freud’s Psychosexual Stage 5 - Adolescence

Genital: reemergence of sexual desire towards others outside family, focusing on mature sexual relationships

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages

1. Trust v. Mistrust

2. Autonomy v. Shame

3. Imitative v. Guilt

4. Industry v. Inferiority

5. Identity v. Confusion

6. Intimacy v. Isolation

7. Generativity v. Stagnation

8. Ego Integrity v. Despair

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stage 1 - Infancy

Trust v. Mistrust: developing a sense of security and reliance on caregivers

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stage 2 - Toddlerhood

Autonomy v. Shame: developing independence and self-control while balancing the need for security from caregivers

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stage 3 - Early Childhood

Initiative v. Guilt: children assert power and control through directing play and other social interactions

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stage 4 - Middle Childhood

Industry v. Inferiority: children develop a sense of competence and achievement through school and social interactions, balancing success and failure

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stage 5 - Adolescence

Identity v. Confusion: adolescents explore their sense of self and personal identity, navigating various social roles and expectations

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stage 6 - Early Adulthood

Intimacy v. Isolation: young adults form intimate, loving relationships with others while balancing the need for personal independence

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stage 7 - Middle Adulthood

Generativity v. Stagnation: adults strive to create or nurture things that will outlast them, contributing to society and guiding the next generation

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stage 8 - Late Adulthood

Ego Integrity v. Despair: older adults reflect on their lives, finding a sense of fulfillment and acceptance or feeling regret and dissatisfaction

Freud’s Psychosexual Theory

Sexual desire was the driving force behind human development

Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory

Integration into social & cultural environment was the driving force behind human development

Bronfenbrenner’s Systems & Theory

Development is influenced by different environmental systems, including:

1. Microsystems

2. Mesosystems

3. Exosystems

4. Macrosystems

Bronfenbrenner’s Systems - System 1: Microsystem

Includes immediate environments such as family, school, friends/peers, classmates, coworkers, religious leaders that directly influence an individual's development

Bronfenbrenner’s Systems - System 2: Mesosystem

Network of interconnections between microsystems

Bronfenbrenner’s Systems - System 3: Exosystem

Includes Societal Institutions such as schools, media, and religious institutions that indirectly influence an individual's development by affecting the microsystems

Bronfenbrenner’s Systems - System 4: Macrosystem

The overarching cultural context that includes societal beliefs, values, and norms influencing the individual's development

Scientific Method Steps

1. Identifying a question to be investigated

2. Forming a Hypothesis

3. Choosing a research measurement and a research design

4. Collecting data to test the hypothesis

5. Drawing conclusions that lead to new questions and new hypothesis

Scientific Method Step 1

Identifying a question to be investigated

Scientific Method Step 2

Forming a Hypothesis

Scientific Method Step 3

Choosing a research measurement and a research design

Scientific Method Step 4

Conducting experiments to test the hypothesis

Scientific Method Step 5

Analyzing the data and drawing conclusions

Experimental Designs

Methods used to test hypotheses by manipulating variables and measuring outcomes includes:

• Cross-Sectional

• Longitudinal

Cross-Sectional Experimental Design

A research method that analyzes relation between age & other variables at a single point in time, allowing for comparisons across different age groups

Longitudinal Experimental Design

A research method that studies the same population over an extended period, allowing researchers to observe changes and developments in variables over time

Chromosomes

Sausage-shaped structure in the nucleus, containing genes, which are paired, except in reproductive cells

46;23

Every human contains ? chromosomes, ? pairs

DNA

Chromosomes are composed with?

DNA

Long strand of cell material that stores and transfers genetic information in all life forms

Genes

Segment of DNA containing coded instructions for growth and functioning of an organism

On a pair of chromosomes, each 2 allele is a variant form of a gene that may result in different traits

Allele

Cell → Chromosome → DNA → Allele → Gene

Genotype

Organism’s unqiue genetic inheritance

Phenotype

Organism’s actual characteristics, derived from its genotype

Concordance Rate

The degree of similarity in phenotype among pairs of family members, expressed as a percentage

The Higher genetic rate/Closer the DNA

The Higher the Concordance Rate →

Monozygotic/Identical

__ Twins share the Highest Rates of Concordance Rates

1. Embryonic Disk: Ectoderm, Mesoderm, and Endoderm

2. Neural Tube develops

3. Heart begins beating

4. Ribs, Muscles, and Digestive Tract form

Embryonic Period (3-4 Weeks)

Skin, hair, nails, sensory organs, nervous systems

Embryonic Period (3-4 Weeks) - (1) Ectoderm layer contains:

Muscles, bones, reproductive system, and circulatory system

Embryonic Period (3-4 Weeks) - (2) Mesoderm layer contains:

Digestive system & respiratory system

Embryonic Period (3-4 Weeks) - (3) Endoderm layer contains:

Embryonic Period - Weeks 3-4

When does the Embryonic Disk form?

Embryonic Period - Weeks 3-4

When does the Neural Tube develop?

Embryonic Period - Weeks 3-4

When does the heart begin to beat?

Embryonic Period - Weeks 3-4

When does the ribs, muscles, and digestive tract form?

Embryonic Period (5-8 Weeks)

1. Arms and Legs develop

2. Fingers and Toes develop

3. Placenta and Umbilical Cord function

4. Digestive System develops

5. Liver produces blood cells

6. Embryo responds to touch

7. Neural Tube begins to produce neurons

Embryonic Period - Weeks 5-8

When does the Arms and Legs develop?

Embryonic Period - Weeks 5-8

When does the Fingers and Toes Develop?

Embryonic Period - Weeks 5-8

When does the Placenta and Umbilical Cord start functioning?

Embryonic Period - Weeks 5-8

When does the Digestive System develop?

Embryonic Period - Weeks 5-8

When does the Liver produce Blood Cells?

Embryonic Period - Weeks 5-8

When does an Embryo responds to touch?

Embryonic Period - Weeks 5-8

When does the Neural tube beings to produce neurons?

• 1st Trimester (1-12 Weeks)

• 2nd Trimester (13-24 Weeks)

• 3rd Trimester (25-38 Weeks)

Fetal Period Consists of:

9 Weeks:Birth

Fetal Period is from ? Week to ?

1. Genitals forms and release sex hormones

2. Fingernails, toenails, and taste buds develop

3. Heartbeat audible with stethoscope

Fetal Period/First Trimester - Weeks 9-12

Fetal Period/First Trimester - Weeks 9-12

When does the genitals form and release sex hormones?

Fetal Period/First Trimester - Weeks 9-12

When does fingernails, toenails, and tastebuds develop?

Fetal Period/First Trimester - Weeks 9-12

When does the heartbeat become audible with the stethoscope?

1. Mother feels movements such as: kicks, turns, hiccups, sucks thumb

2. Breathes amniotic fluid

3. Responds to Sounds especially music and familiar voices

4. Vernix and Lanugo develop on skin

Second Trimester (13-24 Weeks)

Vernix

Slimy white substance covers the skin

Lanugo

Downy hair helps stick the vernix to the skin

Second Trimester - Weeks 13-24

When does the mother feel movement?

Second Trimester - Weeks 13-24

When does the baby start breathing amniotic fluid?

Second Trimester - Weeks 13-24

When does the baby start responding to sounds including music and familiar voices?

Second Trimester - Weeks 13-24

When does the vernix and lanugo develop on skin?

Third Trimester (25-28 Weeks)

1. Lungs develop fully

2. Over 2/3 of birth weight is gained

3. Brain development accelerates

4. Sleep-wake cycle resemble a newborn’s

Third Trimester - Weeks 25-38

When does the lungs fully develop fully?

Third Trimester - Weeks 25-38

When does the baby achieve over 2/3 birth weight is gained?

Third Trimester - Weeks 25-38

When does the brain development accelerate?

Third Trimester - Weeks 25-38

When does the sleep-wake cycle resemble a newborn’s?

Birth Process

A woman’s pituitary gland releases the hormone Oxytocin → Oxytocin spreads through the blood and reaches a threshold level that triggers the start of labor when the uterus contracts on a frequent, regular basis

Oxytocin

What hormones releases from the pituitary gland of a pregnant mother that induces labor?

1. Labor

1. Delivery

2. Expulsion of Placenta & Umbilical Cord

Three Stages of Birth

1st Stage: Labor

Cervix dilates and the muscle of the uterus contract to push the fetus into the vagina toward the cervix

12;6

Average of ? hours for first births; ? hours for subsequent births

Bloody Show

When the cervix dilates, thick, stringy, and blood discharge from the vagina

4 ½ inches/10 cm

What is the size of the cervix when it is fully dilated?

60-90

Peak contractions last ?-? seconds?

2nd Stage: Delivery

The fetus is pushed out of the cervix and through the birth canal

Half and Hour to a Full Hour

Takes ? an ? to a full ? to deliver a newborn

Baby’s head appears at the outer opening of the vagina

Crowning

3rd Stage: Explusion of Placenta & Umbilical Cord

Contractions continue as the placenta and umbilical cord are expelled from the uterus