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Republicanism

Republicanism is the idea that a government should be based on the consent of the governed rather than hereditary monarchy. It became an influential ideology during the English Revolution, inspiring resistance to absolute rule.

Test Act

The Test Act (1673) was a law in England that required public officials to be members of the Church of England. It limited the rights of Catholics and other religious groups, showing the ongoing tension between religion and politics.

Mercantilism

Mercantilism was an economic theory that emphasized government control of trade to increase national wealth. It encouraged European powers to build colonies and control resources, shaping global trade and imperial competition.

Puritans

The Puritans were a Protestant religious group that wanted to purify the Church of England from Catholic influences. Their beliefs played a major role in the English Civil War and in the colonization of North America.

Junkers:

The Junkers were the noble landowning class in Prussia who supported the monarchy in exchange for control over their estates and peasants. Their influence helped shape Prussian militarism and the development of absolutism in Central Europe.

Glorious Revolution:

The Glorious Revolution (1688) was the overthrow of King James II of England, replacing him with William and Mary. It established a constitutional monarchy and affirmed Parliament’s power over the king.

John Locke’s Two Treatises of Government:

John Locke’s Two Treatises of Government argued that all people have natural rights to life, liberty, and property. His ideas greatly influenced the development of constitutional government and later democratic revolutions.