Ch1-9 Midterm Review

Questions from Pearson HW

Which of these terms refers to a body area found on the dorsal surface?

Popliteal

True or False: A protein is denatured when it loses its shape and is no longer functional.

True

What transport process can create a concentration gradient for sodium across the plasma membrane?

Active Transport

What type of burn does a patient have if blisters are present and the affected area is painful?

Second degree

What type of membrane provides lubrication to the pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities?

Serous membrane

Some neoplasms are benign, while others are malignant. Which of the following descriptions is true for a malignant neoplasm?

All of these are true

Which option contains the correct base pairing for building an RNA and DNA molecule?

DNA: A-T, C-G and RNA: A-U, C-G

What are the three main parts of a generalized cell? (Select all three parts)

Plasma membrane

Cytoplasm

Nucleus

If an atom has 10 electrons in its valence shell, how will it interact with atoms of a different element?

It will give away 2 valence electrons to other atoms

A compound is defined as

A molecule composed of two or more elements

What causes hair to stand up and the skin to dimple when one is cold or frightened?

Contraction of arrector pili muscles

During which phase of mitosis do nuclear envelopes and the nucleoli disappear?

Prophase

Which of these is an example of physiology?

The liver produces many of the blood proteins

What part of the plasma membrane is hydrophobic?

Phospholipid "tails"

What occurs when acid is added to a solution with a pH of 7?

The pH drops below 7

The majority of water molecules moving across plasma membranes by osmosis do so via a process that is most similar to_______.

Facilitated diffusion

Which cavity would be lined with a mucous membrane?

Oral cavity

Which of these statements best describes an element?

An element is composed of identical atoms

What is the function of the keratin found within skin cells?

Prevents water loss

The study of the structure and shape of the body, its parts, and their relationships to one another is called_________.

Anatomy

Select the correct order of the levels of organization in the body from the most simple to the most complex:

Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system

What type of tissue makes up the epidermis of the skin?

Stratified squamous epithelium

If a person is severely dehydrated, their extracellular fluids will become hypertonic to the intracellular fluid. What do you predict will happen to the person's cells?

The cells will lose water and shrink

True or False: Globular proteins tend to build macromolecules and structures while fibrous proteins tend to perform functions.

False

Physical trauma to a body organ is known as blunt trauma. Organs in which body cavity account for most blunt trauma injuries?

Abdominal cavity

What is the distinguishing feature of a synovial​ joint?

joint cavity

What bone does NOT articulate directly with any other​ bone?

hyoid

Which of these is a function of the skeletal​ system?

storage site for calcium

What is the region of the coxal bone that bears most of the body weight when a person is​ sitting?

ischial tuberosity

Which bones form the shoulder​ joint?

scapula and humerus

Which of these bones is part of the axial​ skeleton?

sternum

What term refers to the end of a long​ bone?

epiphysis

During soccer​ practice, Sadie tripped and tried to stop her fall with her outstretched arms. Her humerus broke and the broken ends were forced into each other. Sadie suffered​ a(n) __________ fracture.

impacted

Synarthroses

immovable joints

Ampharthroses

Slightly movable joints

Diarthroses

Freely movable joints

What type of muscle tissue is both striated and​ involuntary?

cardiac muscle

Which of these terms refers to the shape of a​ muscle?

deltoids

The cross bridge cycle is a series of molecular events that occur after excitation of the sarcolemma. What is a cross​ bridge?

A myosin head bound to actin

What structure is the functional unit of contraction in a skeletal muscle​ fiber?

The sarcomere

Calcium ions couple excitation of a skeletal muscle fiber to contraction of the fiber. Where are calcium ions stored within the​ fiber?

Calcium ions are stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

After a power​ stroke, the myosin head must detach from actin before another power stroke can occur. What causes cross bridge​ detachment?

ATP binds to the myosin head.

How does the myosin head obtain the energy required for​ activation?

The energy comes from the hydrolysis of ATP.

What specific event triggers the uncovering of the myosin binding site on​ actin?

Calcium ions bind to troponin and change its shape.

When does cross bridge cycling​ end?

Cross bridge cycling ends when sufficient calcium has been actively transported back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum to allow calcium to unbind from troponin.

Both heads of the biceps femoris muscle​ __________.

flex the leg at the knee

The long head of the biceps femoris muscle originates on the​ __________.

ischial tuberosity

The biceps femoris is located in the​ __________.

posterior thigh

The buccinator muscle is innervated by the​ __________.

facial nerve

At its insertion​ (unlike at its​ origin), the buccinator muscle​ __________.

attaches to fibers of another facial muscle

The buccinator muscle​ __________.

compresses the cheeks

The insertion of the extensor carpi radialis longus muscle is on​ __________.

metacarpal two

The tibialis anterior muscle dorsiflexes the foot at the ankle and also assists in​ __________ of the foot.

inversion

The trapezius muscle may be separated into all of the following​ groups, except​ __________.

lateral

All fibers of the trapezius muscle are innervated by the​ __________.

spinal accessory nerve

All fibers of the triceps brachii are innervated by the​ __________.

radial nerve

Which of these characteristics applies only to cardiac muscle​ tissue?

intercalated discs

What changes occur in the sarcomere during muscle​ contraction?

Z discs move closer together.

What mineral is released within muscle cells to trigger​ contraction?

calcium

What is the function of creatine​ phosphate?

directly regenerates ATP from ADP within a muscle cell

Which of these increases as muscles​ age?

amount of connective tissue in a muscle

What can older individuals do to increase muscle​ strength?

regularly use hand weights and practice leg lifts

There are three types of muscle tissue. Which of the following is classified as part of the muscular​ system?

all skeletal muscles

Which of these is an effect of the parasympathetic nervous​ system?

increases peristalsis within the stomach and small intestines

What cranial nerve pair supplies many organs in the ventral body​ cavity?

vagus nerves

Select the supporting cells present in the peripheral nervous system.

Schwann cells and Satellite cells

Select the option that correctly matches the type of neuroglia with its function.

Satellite​ cells; surround and protect peripheral neuron cells bodies.

How are neurons classified according to their​ function?

​Sensory, motor, and interneurons.

What primarily determines the polarity of the cell membrane when the neuron is at​ rest?

More potassium ions leak out of the cell than sodium ions leak into the cell.

Select the option that correctly matches the term with its​ definition:

​Depolarized; membrane is more positive inside than outside.

What could result if a spinal nerve is severely​ damaged?

loss of sensation and flaccid paralysis of the area served by the nerve

Which of these is a sympathetic​ effect?

Blood vessels constrict.

What cells of the nervous system are responsible for anchoring neurons to their blood vessels and controlling the extracellular fluid concentrations of potassium and​ neurotransmitters?

astrocytes

What part of a neuron receives signals and sends a message to the cell​ body?

dendrite

What is the first event of an action​ potential?

Sodium gates open and the membrane depolarizes.

Which of these parts of the brain is correctly matched with its​ region?

​thalamus; diencephalon

Central Nervous System

Brain and spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System

Cranial and spinal nerves

Central Nervous System

Integrating and command centers

Peripheral Nervous System

Communication lines with the body

Cervical Plexus

Phrenic nerve| Serves the diaphragm, shoulders, and neck

Brachial plexus

Axillary and radial nerves| Median and ulnar nerves| Serves the thorax and upper appendages

Lumbar plexus

Femoral and obturator nerves| Serves the lower abdomen, thighs, and hips

Sacral plexus

Sciatic and gluteal nerves| Serves the lower trunk, hip, and lower appedages

Which of the following is a common​ age-associated condition?

menopause

What is the main mechanism for regulating hormone​ secretion?

negative feedback

What hormone stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb water as urine is being​ formed?

antidiuretic hormone​ (ADH)

What is the functional relationship between the hypothalamus and the posterior​ pituitary?

Hypothalamus synthesizes the hormones stored and released by the posterior pituitary.

What organ secretes​ erythropoietin?

the kidney

Select the correct statement about the endocrine system and hormones.

A cell with a specific receptor for a hormone is called a target cell.

Which of the following options does not stimulate the release of aldosterone by the adrenal​ cortex?

Atrial natriuretic peptide​ (ANP).

What are the different ways in which cortisol increases blood glucose levels in response to​ long-term stressors?

Cortisol causes the pancreas to increase the output of glucagon.

Cortisol promotes fat cells to release glycerol and fatty acids.

Select the option that correctly states one of the many functions of the catecholamines produced by the adrenal medulla.

Epinephrine and norepinephrine dilate bronchioles.

When blood glucose levels are high

The pancreas releases insulin.

A liver cell responds to insulin by

Taking in glucose and converting it to glycogen.

What cells in the body respond to glucagon by breaking down glycogen and releasing​ glucose?

Liver cells.

Body cells that respond to insulin include

Liver​ cells, as well as most other cells of the body.

When blood glucose levels are low

The pancreas releases​ glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase.

The​ body's tendency to maintain relatively constant internal conditions is called

homeostasis

Which hormones help maintain a relatively constant calcium concentration in the​ blood?

parathyroid hormone​ (PTH) and calcitonin