Pathology Unit 3

Mechanical Digestion

Reducing size of particles & mixing food w/ digestive juices

Typhoid fever

Salmonella typhi

Chemical Digestion

Hydrolysis of organic nutrients requiring enzymes

Mastication

Chewing

Deglutition

Swallowing

Peristalsis

Contractions of smooth muscle that moves the contents through the G.I tract

Mass Peristalsis

Strong contractions that moves waste into rectum

Defecation

Elimination of digestive wastes (poop)

Absorption

Movement of the products of digestion into the blood or lymph

Gingivitis

Inflammation of the gums

Pharyngitis

Inflammation of the pharynx

Gastritis

Inflammation of the stomach; usually caused by infection or drugs

Alimentary Canal

Continuous muscular tube which runs through the body & is around 8 to 10 meters long; also known as the gastrointestinal tract

Peptic Ulcer

A sore in the stomach or duodenum

Helicobactor Pylori

Bacterial infection; primary cause of the peptic ulcer

Aphthous

Tiny white ulcers (Canker Sores)

Enteritis

Inflammation of the small intestine

Colitis

Inflammation of the colon

Esophagitis

Inflammation of the esophagus

Appendicitis

Inflammation of the appendix

Peritonitis

Inflammation of the peritoneim; which is the inner membrane that lines the abdominal cavity & abdominal organs. Major concern in appendicitis

Hemorrhoids

Varicose veins in the rectum

Hepatitis

Inflammation of the liver

Infectious Hepatitis

Also known as Hepatitis A; Caused by contaminated food or water

Serum Hepatitis

Also known as Hepatitis B; Caused/ transmitted by body fluids (blood & semen)

Hepatitis C

Transmitted by body fluids

Cirrhosis of the Liver

Chronic destruction of the liver tissue w/ nodular, bumpy regeneration. Caused by previous infection (HBV or HCV) or drugs/ alcoholism

Cholecystitis

Inflammation of the gallbladder

Cholelithiasis

Term for gallstones

Cholangitis

Inflammation of the bile ducts

Pancreatitis

Blockage by a gallstone that allows bile to back up into the pancreas & activate proteolytic enzymes

Diverticulosis

Inflammation of the diverticula. The formation of numerous tiny pockets (diverticula) in the lining of the bowel. Cause; straining during a bowel movement

Stomatitis

Inflammation of the mouth

Thrush

a fungal infection that can grow in your mouth, throat and other parts of your body. It is caused by the overgrowth of a yeast-like fungus called Candida albicans

Fever Blisters

Infection caused by Herpes simplex type 1 virus

Mucous Patches

Lesions of secondary syphilis

Treponema Pallidum

Bacteria that causes syphilis

Hematemesis

Term for Vomiting blood

Glossitis

Inflammation of the tongue

Tonsillitis

Inflammation of the palatine tonsils; usually due to streptococci (strep throat)

Proctitis

Inflammation of the rectum

Jaundice

Yellowish discoloration of the skin; may be hemolytic (blood

Celiac Disease

Autoimmune disease triggered by an allergy to gluten (a protein found in wheat & other grains); causes inflammation & damage to small intestine. Treated w/ gluten

Crohn’s Disease

Chronic autoimmune disease that causes inflammation of the small or large intestine

Hernia

Protrusion of the intestine through a weak area in the body wall

Umbilical Hernia

Intestine projects through wall around the umbilicus of a baby

Abdominal Hernia

Intestine protrudes through the abdominal wall

Hiatal Hernia

Intestine protrudes through diaphragm

Inguinal Hernia

Intestine projects through the inguinal ring

Carcinoma of the stomach

Term for cancer of the stomach

Polyps

Nonmalignant tumors comprised of epithelial cells on a stalk; usually in the colon; may become malignant

Colon/ Rectal Cancer

Colon/ Rectal carcinoma; most common cancer of the digestive system & leading cause of death in the U.S

Pyloric Stenosis

Narrowing of the sphincter in the lower portion of the stomach

Paralysis

Lack of blood or nervous stimulation resulting in decreased peristalsis

Volvulus

Term for twisting of the intestine

Intussusception

Telescoping of the intestine

Adhesions

Term for scar tissue around & between organs

Dysentery

Diarrhea containing mucus and/ or blood

Entamoeba Histolytica

Protozoan that causes infection of the colon (amebic dysentery)

Shigella

Protozoan that causes infection of the colon (Bacterial dysentery)

Salmonella Typhi

Bacteria that causes Typhoid fever

Staphylococcus Aureus

Bacteria that causes the most common food poisoning. (Other bacteria that cause food poisoning are Clostridium Perfringens & Clostridium Botulinum)

External Respiration

Exchange of gases across the alveolar wall & the wall of the surrounding pulmonary capillaries

Internal Respiration

Exchange of gases between cells & oxygenated blood in the capillaries of the body

Pleura

Duble layered serous membrane which surrounds each lung; secretes pleural fluid

Common Cold

Viral infection of the nose

Rhinitis

Inflammation of nasal passageways

Sinusitis

Infections of the paranasal sinuses

Pharyngitis

Inflammation of the throat

Laryngitis

Inflammation of the larynx (voice box)

Hay Fever

Allergic response involving release of histamine (causes vasodilation & edema)

Influenza

Viral infection of the upper respiratory tract

Influenza Tracheitis

Term for infection (inflammation) of the trachea

Bronchitis

Inflammation of the lining of the (large passageways of lungs) bronchi; due to infection or inhaling pollutants

Asthma

Allergic reaction causing increased secretion of mucus & contraction of smooth muscle narrowing the lumen of the bronchioles & making breathing difficult

Pneumonia

Bacterial infection (inflammation) of the lungs; may be caused by infection or chemical irritants

Streptococcus Pneumonia (pneumococcus)

Causes 70% of pneumonia cases

Lobar Pneumonia

Type of pneumonia where the infection is localized in the alveoli

Bronchial Pneumonia

Inflammation of the bronchi & the bronchioles; usually a secondary infection (spreads to the aveoli)

Interstitial Pneumonia

Inflammation of supporting tissues resulting in scar tissue

Pleurisy

Painful inflammation of the layers of the membranes that surround the lungs

Empyema

Presence of pus in the plural fluid

Pleural Effusion (hydrothorax)

Watery exudate around the lungs

Hemothorax

Term for blood in the pleural cavity

Pneumothorax

Entrance of air in the plural cavity (due to rupture of alveoli or puncture injury; causes collapse of the lung)

Atelectasis

Collapse of a lung or part of a lung

Tuberculosis

Chronic bacterial infection of the lungs caused by mycoplasmas

Tubercles

First nodules of tuberculosis caused by an immune T cell response

Caseous Lesions

Cheesy lesions in the tubercles

Cold Abscesses

Liquefied tubercles containing pus

Cavitation

Formation of cavities in lungs or other organs

Gihon Complexes

Inactives calcified lesions

Miliary Tuberculosis

The terminal stage of tuberculosis where bacteria enter the blood & small lesions (size of millet seeds) are formed throughout the body

Hemoptysis

Term for blood in the sputum (mucus or phlegm)

Pneumoconiosis

Infiltration & discoloration of the lungs due to prolonged inhalation of mineral dust; may lead to fibrosis & scarring of the lungs

Silicosis

Stone dust

Anthracosis

Another name for black lung caused by coal dust

Asbestosis

Causes Lung cancer (mesothelioma)

Emphysema

Chronic destruction of lung tissue & replacement w/ scar tissue that interferes w/ the exchange of gases & makes breathing difficult

Lung Abscess

An area of inflammatory tissue in the lung due to damage or infection