Biology Midterm

hypertonic . . . greater

In osmosis, water always moves toward the ____ solution: that is, toward the solution with the ____ solute concentration.

isotonic . . . hypotonic

You decide to buy a new fish for your freshwater aquarium.  When you introduce the fish into its new tank, the fish swells up and dies.  You later learn that it was a fish from the ocean.  Based on what you know of tonicity, the most likely explanation is that the unfortunate fish went from a(n) ______________________ solution to a(n) __________________ solution.

Due to crossover of homologous chromosomes during prophase I

How do daughter cells receive different genetic material?

Some seedlings are heterozygous

When cross–breeding heterozygous snapdragon plants, green leaves (G) dominate over golden leaves (g). If the combination gg is lethal to seedlings, how does cross–breeding keep the g allele in the gene pool?

The fusion of haploid egg and sperm cells to become a diploid zygote.

**Which statement** ***best*** **describes fertilization in organisms?**

is half that of the parent cell.

**During gamete formation, the chromosome number for the newly formed gamete . . .**

they both extract energy from food

Single–celled organisms, like yeasts and algae, have many things in common with multicellular organisms, like plants and animals. Which of the following do both single–celled organisms and multicellular organisms have in common?

increased levels of simple sugars within the plant

**Students conducting an experiment on rates of photosynthesis place just–watered plants in an airtight glass case like the one shown in the diagram above. The plants are not given any more air or water and receive only the sunlight during the experiment. At the end of the experiment students notice __________.**

mitochondria

Which of the following would NOT be found in a prokaryotic cell?

plant cell

For a project, your science teacher gives information about a specimen and asks you to identify it based on the following criteria: It is a cell, it has a cell wall, there is a clear nucleus, it contains many chloroplasts. \n \n Based on this information you can come to the conclusion that the cell is a(n) __________.

autotrophs

**With the origins of atmospheric oxygen, which early organisms made their own food by using carbon dioxide to produce oxygen?**

more oxygen in the atmosphere

**What is the difference between Earth's current atmosphere and its atmosphere in the past that allowed dragonflies to become much larger?**

sugar

The energy captured in the process of photosynthesis is stored as __________.

Chloroplasts capture sunlight and turn it into useable energy.

Which of the following statements is true about chloroplasts?

chloroplasts

The __________ are the site(s) of photosynthesis in eukaryotic cells.

Golgi apparatus

**The __________ appears as a structure of flattened material found in the cytoplasm of the cell and is responsible for the modification, packaging, and secretion of proteins.**

rough endoplasmic reticulum

**The prominent cell structure that produces and exports large amounts of proteins is called the __________.**

prokaryote

**Which of the following has no membrane-bound organelles and can reproduce asexually?**

glycolysis → Krebs cycle → ETC

Which is the correct sequence of events in cellular respiration?

electron transport chain

**Which stage of cellular respiration produces the most ATP?**

Calvin cycle

**Which of the following is NOT part of cellular respiration?**

glycolysis

**What is the first step of cellular respiration?**

mitochondria

If a cell displays a great amount of activity, one possible reason for this could be that it has large quantities of __________.

photosynthesis

Plants convert carbon dioxide and water into sugar through a process called __________.

Golgi apparatus

**Inside a eukaryotic cell, the specific organelle whose function emulates a "post office" mechanism where proteins are packaged, repackaged, and distributed according to their role in the organism is called the __________.**

vertebral column

**A student is designing a cladogram based on the character table below. What dervived character would appear earliest?**

hagfish

**Which organism in the cladogram below is the outgroup?**

replace or regenerate damaged tissue

**In medicine, stem cell are used to ____.**

Somatic stem cells can only become certain specific types of cells, embryonic stem cells can become any type. 

**Stem cells come in two types, embryonic and somatic. What is the difference between them?**

threadlike structure made of DNA molecules that contain an organism's genes.

**Which is the following is the correct definition of a chromosome?**

E

Using the diagram of the plasma membrane, what letter is pointing to the phospholipid tails?

That the various components of the cell membrane are in dynamic motion. 

The fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane predicts which of the following?

A

Using the diagram of the plasma membrane, what letter is pointing to the phospholipid heads?

C

Using the diagram of the plasma membrane, what letter is the transport protein?

Statement II, IV and V

The diagram models the time-lapse movement of particles across a cell membrane.  The particles have characteristics that allow them to pass freely across the membrane. 

The rate of oxygen production is greatest in section M.

Students in a biology class conduct an experiment to determine the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis in a plant. They place an Elodea plant into a test tube filled with water. Then, the students place the test tube under a light and slowly increase the temperature of the water. They record their results and display them on a graph as shown.

\
Which statement is supported by the data in the graph? 

Into the cell through the channel protein.

The diagram shows a cell membrane composed of a phospholipid bilayer with a channel protein.  Each x represents a large charged molecule inside or outside the cell.  Facilitated diffusion moves these molecules across the cell membrane. 

In what direction do these molecules move and through which structure?

anaphase

Which of the following phases of mitosis is shown in cell A?

It occurs in eukaryotic cells

In which of the following ways is meiosis similar to mitosis?

codominance

A type of inheritance in which the heterozygous offspring shows both parental traits at the same time. 

Rr x Rr

In pansies, petal color is an incomplete dominant trait.  Red is dominant (R), white is recessive (r), and pink is heterozygous.  What are the genotypes of the parents whose offspring would result in the Punnett Square shown below?

Rryy

Genetic traits of seeds are noted as follows: R = round, r = wrinkled Y = yellow, y = white.  Which of the following is the genotype for a round, white, seed? 

Parent 1: HCbF

Parent 2: hcbf

The genotype of a child was found to be HhCcbbFf. Based off of this genotype what were the possible gametes from Parent 1 and Parent 2?

This person is male with an autosomal disorder

Based on the karyotype, which of the statements below is true?

Rryy

Genetic traits of seeds are noted as follows: R = round, w = wrinkled Y = yellow, y = white.  Which of the following is the genotype for a round, white, seed? 

9/16

In a species of toads, bumpy skin (B) is dominant to smooth (b) skin, and elongated toes (**E**) are dominant to short toes (**e**).

Both parents are heterozygous (BbEe) for both traits.

**What is the probablity that the offspring will be bumpy with long toes?**

Heterozygous; black

*Use the diagram below to answer the following questions.  These represent possible allele combinations for a rabbit.  These chromosomes carry the genes for fur color.  In rabbits, black fur is dominant over brown fur.*

If a rabbit has the genotype represented by (ii) in the diagram above, they are considered to be ____ and will have ____ fur.

46

The diploid number of human cells is 

gametes

What  are sexual reproductive cells called?

interphase

The vast majority of a cells life is spent in 

Atoms are the basic unit of life

Which of the following is NOT part of cell theory?

crenate and shrink, because water will leave the grape.

When a grape is placed into a sucrose solution what will happen to the grape?

nuclear membrane dissolves, chromatin condensed into chromosomes

Which of the following are characteristics of prophase?

Beaker A: swell

Beaker B: unchanged

Beaker C:  contract

Beakers A, B, and C contain solutions with different concentrations of the solute NaCl.  Beaker A has 0.5% NaCl, beaker B has 0.9% NaCl, and beaker C has 1.5% NaCl.  A red blood cell (erythrocyte) is isotonic in 0.9% NaCl and will be placed in each beaker.  Predict what will happen.

for growth and repair

What do organisms use mitosis for?

crossing over

_________ is responsible for shuffling chromosomes during meiosis, causing new combinations of alleles to appear in gametes.

Genetically diverse offspring are produced.

Select the **one** statement that describes an advantage of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction. 

a hypertonic sucrose solution

The concentration of solutes in a red blood cell is about 2%.  Sucrose cannot pass through the membrane, but water and urea can.  Osmosis would cause red blood cells to shrink the most when immersed in which of the following solutions?

Mitosis makes genetically identical copies; meiosis does not

The main difference between meiosis and mitosis is that . . .

completion of the breakdown of sugar

**Which of the following is one of the roles of mitochondria?**

to allow certain molecules in and out of the cell

**What is the MAIN purpose of the cell membrane that appears around all cells?**

Allows a organism to grow and replaces an organisms worn out cells

Which of the following are purposes of mitosis (Choose 2)?

genetically unique cells, haploid cells, and four daughter cells are produced

Which of the following could be used to describe the end result of meiosis? Select 3.

D

Using the diagram of the plasma membrane, what letter is the cholesterol?

B

Which letter acts as an identification marker for the cell?

E

What letter is composed of phospholipids?

Enzymes involved with plant photosynthesis are disrupted at temperatures above 25

Which statement explains the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis?

cell division of somatic cells

Which of the following describes cell division by mitosis?

multiple alleles

A fruit fly can fly have red eyes, green eyes, gray eyes, or pink. Assume only 1 gene is involved, which type of non-Mendelian inheritance pattern best applies?

chromosomes

What is the name of the structures that carry the hereditary messages from one generation to another during cell division?

It is usually faster, it does not require a partner, and it doesn’t allow for genetic diversity in a population.

Which of the following are true about asexual reproduction?