Lecture 6

no, ideal

according to Dahl, there is ___ real democracy in the world so his definition is ______

ideal

Dahl claims that countries should strive to come closer to the ________

benefits

there are many ________ of democracy

structured inequalities

general and persistent inequities, underrepresented, interests disregarded, second-class citizen

democracy, well-being

structured inequalities have very negative effects on ______ and the _______-________ of people

class

type of structured inequality where the working class is excluded/underrepresented

race/ethnicity

type of structured inequality where some communities don't have the same rights and are severely underrepresented

sexual orientation

type of structured inequality where non-heteros face discrimination

gender

most important type of structured inequality in terms of numbers

politics

largely gendered affair, dominated by men

representation

the main gendered inequality in politics concerns ________

suffrage

in the past, the main gendered inequality in politics was _______

17.5%

globally, _______% of female representatives are women

family, discourage, confrontational, female, nominated

less women run for office because they have too many _______ obligations (family caretaker), their families/friends ________ them, they have aversion for _________ work, they are socialized to pursue ________ occupations, they don't get _______ by parties

biases, leaders

women can have more difficulty winning elections because there are popular ______ against them and are viewed as poor ________

more

autocratic leaders select _______ female politicians

left

______ parties are more likely to run female candidates in places they can win

more

systems with proportional representation are _______ likely to elect women because people are not voting for individual candidates but for the party

quotas

can help to create an artificial demand for females

North European countries

countries that have more female representatives

less

Catholic, Orthodox, and Muslim regions have _______ female representatives

lower

places who accept patriarchal values have ______ female participation

more

places recovering from destructive wars commonly have ________ female representatives

patriarchy

war has potential to disrupt _________

negative

Dahl thinks that female underrepresentation contributes to many _______ effects on women such as less freedom/moral autonomy/power

health

female politicians do more to promote social ______ (maternal + child)

patriarchy

norms reserving positions of power for men

sexism

related to patriarchy, dealing with discrimination

institutions

patriarchy can affect all social _________

stronger

historically, power was based on coercion and men are generally larger and _____ than women

coercively

caring for babies prevents women from acting ______, making them more vulnerable

evolutionary psychology

suggest that men are naturally more aggressive and confrontational

aggressive

more testosterone is linked with more _______ behavior in conflictual context

female

critique of biology view: biology can't explain variation in _______ empowerment

physical

critique of biology view: ______ strength is no longer the main basis of power

negatively

aggressive women are perceived much more _______ than aggressive men

men

people create structures that empower _______ more than women

variation

sociological view of patriarchy helps to explain the ________ of patriarchy over time and place

normal

the problem with the sociological view is that it has difficulty explaining why patriarchy is _________

proliferation

3 major arguments as to why patriarchy spread

producers, resources

men's greater physical strength made them main _______, which gave them control over _________

worse

UK, France, Spain... are world leaders in gender equality but they were much _________ during the colonial period

men, patriarchal

colonial powers were ________ with highly ____________ views

female, norms

colonizers/christian missionaries overlooked and removed power from ______ leaders in colonized societies and tried to change _________ to make them more patriarchal