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The Skeletal System
system that includes bones of the skeleton, cartilages, and ligaments; each bone is an organ with multiple tissues
Hematopoiesis
making blood cells
Long Bones
type of bone that is cylindrical in shape, longer than it is wide; act as a lever and move when muscles contract; femur & radius
Short Bones
type of bone that is cube-like shape; provide stability, support, and limited motion; carpals & tarsals
Flat Bones
type of bone that is thin, not really flat; protect underlying structures; attachment for muscles; scapula, ribs, cranial bones
Irregular Bones
type of bone with a complex shape; protection for underlying soft structures; vertebrae & facial bones
Sesamoid Bones
small round bones, shaped like sesame seed; embedded inside of tendons; variable number in tendons of hand & feet
Epiphysis
wide ends of the bone (top & bottom)
Metaphysis
connection between epiphysis & diaphysis (top & bottom)
Diaphysis
long middle part of the bone (shaft)
Periosteum
connective tissue surrounding the bone; where tendons & ligaments attach; contain blood vessels & nerves; participates in bone growth & repair; two layers: inner cellular & outer fibrous layers
Endosteum
tissue that covers the inside of the bone; bone growth & remodeling; medullary cavity & central canals
Epiphyseal Plate
where long bones grow in length; hyaline cartilage
Epiphyseal Line
when the bone stops growing, the hyaline cartilage is replaced with bone
Yellow Marrow
inside compact bone; fills diaphysis; adipose tissue
Red Marrow
inside spongy bone; fills epiphysis; some blood cells production
Articular Cartilage
ends of bone at articulations (joints); protects end of bones; hyaline cartilage
Compact Bone
on the outside of ALL bones
Spongy Bone
on the inside of ALL bones, but the amount varies
Articulations
joints; surfaces of two bones coming together
Projections
where tendons or ligaments attach; area of bone that projects above the bone
Holes
opening or groove; allow blood vessels and nerves to pass
Trachanter
projection that is large & rough
Crest
projection that is a prominent ridge
Spine
projection that is a pointed process
Line
projection that is a low ridge
Tubercle
projection that is small & round
Tuberosity
projection that is rough
Process
projection or bump
Ramus
extension of a bone that forms an angle with the rest of the structure
Head
expanded articular end of an epiphysis, often separated from the shaft by a narrower neck
Neck
narrow connection between the epiphysis and diaphysis
Facet
small, flat articular surface
Condyle
smooth, rounded articular process
Trochlea
smooth, grooved articular process shaped like a pulley
Sulcus
narrow groove (hole)
Fossa
shallow depression (hole)
Sinus
chamber within a bone, normally filled with air (hole)
Foramen
rounded passageway for blood vessels and/or nerves (hole)
Fissure
deep furrow, cleft, or slit (hole)
Meatus
passage or channel, especially the opening of a canal (hole)
Canal
duct or channel (hole)
Bone Tissue
few cells (2% of bone mass), maintain bone; remodel, growth, repair
Osteogenic Cells
stem cells; only cells that undergo mitosis; growth, repair, remodeling; develop into osteoblasts
Osteoblasts
cells that form new bone; secrete osteoid; once matrix calcifies, they become osteocytes
Osteocytes
primary cell of mature bone; most common type of bone cell; maintain matrix mineral concentration; has canaliculi
Lacunae
little holes in the calcified matrix
Canaliculi
osteocytes use this to communicate with other bone cells; obtain nutrients; long cytoplasmic processes
Osteoclasts
type of bone cell that contributes to bone resorption (breakdown); bone growth, remodel, repair; destroy bone to release calcium when blood calcium is low
Osteon
functional unit of compact bone
Central Canals
blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics; connect with canaliculi for nutrient, gas & waste exchange
Preforating Canals
break off the vessels of the central canal; extend to endosteum & periosteum
Trabeculae
lattice-like network of matrix spikes; provides strength
Ossification
osteogenesis; bone formation
Intramembranous Ossification
ossification of flat bones of the face; most cranial bones as well as clavicles; begins as a sheet of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells
Endochondral Ossification
ossification where bone develops by replacing a hyaline cartilage model; most bones are formed this way
Interstitial Growth
longitudinal growth
Reserve Zone
zone where chondrocytes attach the cartilaginous epiphyseal plate to the osseous epiphysis
Proliferative Zone
just under reserve zone; chondrocytes undergoing mitosis
Zone of Maturation & Hypertrophy
zone where chondrocytes are older, larger & more mature
Zone of Calcified Matrix
zone closest to the diaphysis; matrix around the cells is calcified and chondrocytes are dead
Appositional Growth
bone increase in diameter
Fracture
broken bone
Reduction
setting a bone in its original position
Closed Reduction
manipulate bone back into position without surgery
Open Reduction
surgery required to set bone
Non-Displaced Fracture
classification of fracture where ends retain normal position
Displaced Fracture
classification of fracture where ends are out of normal alignment
Complete Fracture
classification of fracture where bone is broken all the way through
Incomplete Fracture
classification of fracture where bone is NOT broken all the way through
Compound (Open) Fracture
classification of fracture where skin is penetrated
Simple (Closed) Fracture
classification of fracture where skin is NOT penetrated
Transverse Fracture
fracture where line is perpendicular to the bone’s shaft; right angles to long axis
Compression Fracture
fracture on vertebrae with extreme stress
Spiral Fracture
fracture with twisting along multiple sides; sport injury
Epiphyseal Fracture
fracture at epiphyseal plate, can prevent future growth as plate closes
Comminuted Fracture
fracture that breaks bone into multiple pieces, often seen in brittle bones
Greenstick Fracture
fracture where break does not go all the way through, often seen in children whose bones are not fully calcified
Vitamin D3
vitamin that stimulates expression of proteins responsible for uptake of calcium from intestinal lumen & transport of calcium in the blood
Calcitriol
active form of vitamin D; made in the kidney
Vitamin D
vitamin needed for calcium absorption
Vitamin K
vitamin that supports bone mineralization; may have synergistic effect with vitamin D
Magnesium
structural component of bone (Mg)
Fluoride
structural component of bone (F)
Omega-3 Fatty Acids
nutrient that reduces inflammation that may interfere with osteoblast function
Growth Hormone
hormone that increases length of bones; increases calcium retention & enhances bone mineralization; stimulates osteoblasts & improves bone density; pituitary gland
Thyroxine
hormone that promotes activity of osteoblasts & increases bone matrix; thyroid gland
Sex Steroids
hormone that promotes activity of osteoblasts & increased bone matrix; responsible for closing epiphyseal plate when adult height is reached; testosterone (males), estrogen (females)
Parathyroid Hormone
hormone that stimulates osteoclast proliferation and activity; very important for calcium homeostasis
Calcitonin
hormone that inhibits osteoclast activity; stimulates calcium uptake by bones; reduces blood calcium concentration; thyroid gland
Hypercalcemia
calcium levels greater than 10 mg/dl
Hypocalcemia
calcium levels less than 10 mg/dl
Osteomalacia/Rickets
bone disease that can result from poorly mineralized bone and lack of calcium & vitamin D3; bones become soft and weak; pain with weight bearing; in children, legs become bowed
Paget’s Disease
bone disease in adults over 40; disorder of bone remodeling; pain, bone fractures, bone deformities in pelvis, skull, spine, and legs; treatment includes biphosphonates to decrease activity of osteoclasts
Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI)
brittle bone disease; genetic, variable mutations; collagen synthesis is affected; mild to severe with no cure
Bone Cancer
cancerous tissue often metastasize in bone; release osteoclast-activating factor; chemotherapy & radiation target dividing cells
Osteoporosis
a group of diseases; decrease in bone mass & density; becomes common as people age; typically affects proximal end of femur, vertebrae & wrist; treatment includes calcium & vitamin D supplements as well as hormone replacement surgery
Alendronate (Fosamax)
inhibits activity of osteoclasts
Denosumab (Prolia)
prevents activation of osteoclasts
Appendicular Skeleton
skeleton that contains limbs & girdles; 126 bones
