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Banking Method
A teaching approach where teachers deposit information into students' minds without encouraging critical thinking or reflection.
Isolated Facts
Pieces of information that may seem meaningless on their own but gain significance when connected to other facts.
Empiricism
The belief that knowledge comes from sensory experience and observation rather than innate ideas.
Tabula Rasa
The concept that individuals are born with a blank slate, suggesting that the mind is devoid of preconceived ideas at birth.
Inductive Method
A learning approach where simple ideas are developed into more complex ones through comparison, reflection, and generalization.
Divine Right of Kings
The theory that monarchs have the inherent right to rule without question, a concept opposed by John Locke.
Civic Education
The idea that individuals should be educated to govern themselves intelligently and responsibly, as advocated by Locke.
John Locke
Emphasized education as learners interacting with concrete experiences, reflecting on them, and being active agents of their learning process.
Herbert Spencer
Advocated for utilitarian education focusing on practical, scientific subjects to help individuals master their environment and contribute to societal progress.
Utilitarian Education
A form of education aiming to produce students who can fit into society at an elite level, focusing on standardized curriculum and quantifiable testing.
John Dewey
Believed in education as a social process, emphasizing experiential learning, problem-solving, and personal/social growth through active participation.
George S
Advocated for social reconstructionism in education, promoting schools as instruments for social improvement and agents of change in society.
Social Reconstructionism
A philosophy emphasizing the reformation of society through education, aiming to reduce the gap between cultural values and technology.
Theodore Brameld
A philosopher and visionary educator who developed the reconstructionist philosophy of education, advocating for schools as forces for social and political change.
The Social Frontier
A journal of social and educational commentary launched by George Counts and colleagues in 1934, becoming the voice of social reconstructionism.
Charles A Beard
Historian whose progressive interpretation of history and emphasis on economics influenced Counts's social and educational theory.
The Prospects for American Democracy
A publication by George Counts in 1938, emphasizing the role of education in critiquing and transforming the social order.
American Federation of Teachers (AFT)
Counts served as president from 1939 to 1942, advocating to keep communists out of the organization.
Liberal Party
Formed by Counts after leaving the American Labor Party in 1942, emphasizing progressive values in education and society.
Dare the School Build a New Social Order?
A controversial pamphlet by George Counts in 1932, advocating for schools to create a new tradition in American life.
Social Foundations of Education
A publication by George Counts in 1934, advancing the social study of education and teaching as a moral and political enterprise.
Education as Power
A book by Theodore Brameld in 1965, outlining major tenets of reconstructionism and emphasizing the role of education in modifying culture during times of crisis.
Defensible Partiality
In reconstructionism, the concept involves exploring alternative approaches to human problems and defending the emerging partialities resulting from opposition.
Cultural Foundations of Education
An Interdisciplinary Exploration:A scholarly volume by Brameld in 1957 that showcased his indebtedness to influential anthropologists and his interest in culture.
The Teacher As World Citizen
A Scenario of the 21st Century:Brameld's visionary book outlining his hopes and beliefs, reflecting on global transformations towards a World Community of Nations.
Critical Pedagogy
An educational approach by Paulo Freire emphasizing the need to change the educational system to overcome oppression and improve human conditions.
Banking Method
A term coined by Freire to describe the traditional approach where educators deposit information into students' minds, contrasting with problem-posing education.
Conscientization
Freire's method of raising awareness through dialogue and critical consciousness to empower individuals to resist oppression and become active participants in their own learning and society.
John Locke - Empiricist
Education involves learners interacting with concrete experience, emphasizing active learning over passive acquisition of knowledge from Classics.
Spencer - Utilitarianist
Favors specialized education for survival in society, warns against over-specialism or superficial knowledge, believes in individual competition for social progress.
John Dewey - Experience
Values accumulated wisdom of the past, emphasizes connecting past knowledge to present experiences for problem-solving, sees schools as democratic institutions for all.
George Counts - New Social Order
Schools should be agents of change for social improvement, advocates problem-solving as the dominant instructional method, aims for positive change.
Theodore Brameld - Social Reconstructionist
Critically examines present culture to build a new society, emphasizes global citizenship through international education in the era of interdependence.
Paulo Freire - Critical Pedagogy
Advocates for critical pedagogy and dialogue over the banking system of education, rejects the idea of learners as empty receptacles to be filled.
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