Human Development Final Exam

Although great diversity characterizes the interests and concerns of investigators who study development, they share a single goal: to identify __________.

those factors that influence consistencies and transformations in people from conception to death

A theory of development __________.

describes, explains, and predicts behavior

According to the __________ view of development, the difference between the immature and

continuous

To overcome some of the limitations of traditional developmental designs, investigators sometimes use __________ designs, in which they conduct several similar cross-sectional or longitudinal studies.

sequential

The discontinuous view of development holds that __________.

infants and children have unique ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving

New evidence increasingly emphasizes that __________.

people not only are affected by but also contribute to the contexts in which they develop

Tammy's father is an exceptional gymnast. When Tammy was just a toddler, her father believed that Tammy already showed great promise as a gymnast. Tammy's father probably believes that athletic ability is mostly determined by __________.

nature

One limitation of systematic observation is that it __________.

tells investigators little about the reasoning behind behaviors

Students who are foreign-born or first-generation Americans __________ than students of native-born parents.

often achieve in school as well as or better

In an experiment, the independent variable __________.

is the one the investigator expects to cause changes in another variable

According to Jean Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory, __________.

children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world

in a historic experiment with 11-month-old Albert, John Watson demonstrated that __________.

children can be conditioned to fear a formerly neutral stimulus

Increasingly, researchers view human development as __________.

a perpetually ongoing process

Christine is 5′7″ and has blue eyes. Such directly observable characteristics are called __________.

phenotypes

Phenotypes depend in part on an individual's __________.

genotype

Which statement about human chromosomes is true?

They store and transmit genetic information

Of all Western nations, __________ has the highest percentage of extremely poor children.

the United States

In several studies, affluent teenagers were __________ likely than youths in general to __________.

more; report high levels of anxiety and depression

Fraternal twins are __________.

no more alike than ordinary siblings

Our __________ determine(s) our species and influences all our unique characteristics.

genotype

The __________ is the control center of a cell in the human body.

nucleus

In cultures that emphasize collectivism, people value __________ more.

collaborative endeavors

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) looks like a __________.

twisted ladder

According to the concept of gene‒environment correlation, __________.

our genes influence the environments to which we are exposed

Chromosomes look like __________.

rods

Amir has blond hair. This means that Amir inherited a __________ pair of __________ alleles for hair color.

homozygous; recessive

The sperm and the ovum are sex cells, or __________.

gametes

An experimental study of neighborhood mobility found that compared with peers who remained in poverty-stricken areas, children and youths who moved into low-poverty neighborhoods and remained there for several years showed __________.

better school achievement

Which statement is consistent with the proximodistal trend of body growth?

During infancy and childhood, the arms and legs grow somewhat ahead of the hands and feet.

During infancy,__________. These sex differences will __________ during adolescence.

girls are slightly shorter and lighter than boys; be greatly magnified

Brain growth is especially dramatic during __________, when the brain more than doubles in size.

the first year

Following habituation, when a new stimulus causes responsiveness to return to a high level, the increase is called__________.

recovery

Around 7 to 9months, infants __________

begin to divide the speech stream into wordlike units

According to cognitive-developmental theory, a scheme is __________.

an organized way of making sense of experience

Piaget's __________ stage is the most complex period of development.

sensorimotor

__________ believed that complex mental activities have their origins in social interaction.

Lev Vygotsky

In the study of Romanian orphans adopted into Canadian homes, the longer the children spent in orphanage care,the__________ their __________.

higher;cortisol levels

The body weights of adopted children__________.

correlate more strongly with those of their biological than of their adoptive parents

During times of rapid cognitive change, children __________.

are in a state of disequilibrium

In a study of over 10,000 mothers in Western and Asian nations, consistently engaging in bedtime routines was associated with __________.

waking less often

Core knowledge theorists argue that __________.

babiesare born with core domains of thought that permit a ready grasp of information

Nine-month-old Avery can retrieve his ball when his mother hides it under a blanket. Avery has begun to master __________.

object permanence

Four-month-old Michaela groups stimuli on the basis ofshape and size. This meansthatMichaela is able to __________.

categorize

According to Erikson, a healthy outcome during infancy depends on the__________.

quality of caregiving

Like anger, fear __________.

risesfrom the second half of the first year into the second year

Whatis one reasonthe United States lagsbehindAustralia,Italy, Canada, Denmark, Sweden, and Norwayin immunizations?

Many low-income U.S. families do not have adequate health insurance coverage.

Language skills __________.

expand at an astonishing pace in early childhood

Which of the following is a basic emotion?

disgust

Which statement about unintentional injuriesin childhoodis true?

Boys are more likely than girls to be injured.

As children's bodies become more streamlined and less top-heavy, __________

balance improves greatly

Which statementabout basic emotionsis true?

Babies' earliest emotional life consists of attraction to pleasantstimulationand withdrawal from unpleasant stimulation.

Four-year-old Miroslavfocuses on his own viewpoint and assumes that others perceive, think, and feel the same way he does. Miroslav's thinking is __________.

egocentric

As infants understand more about their world, they laugh__________.

at events with subtler elements of surprise

Four-year-old Jasmine is showntwo identical tall glasses of water and agrees thatthey contain the same amount ofliquid. When the liquid is poured into a short, wide container, she says that there is morewater in the shorter container because it is "all spread out." Jasmine is demonstratinga lack of understanding of__________.

conservation

Four-year-old Brigid is likely to use more __________ when she is confused about how to proceed.

private speech

Basic emotions__________

are universal in humans

According to Piaget, magical thinking is common during the preschool years because young children __________.

egocentrically assign human purposes to physical events

After being gently scolded for taking a toy away from his cousin, 20-month-old Rainer lowers his eyes, hangs his head, and hides his face with his hands. Rainer is expressing__________.

shame