Second Semester Final Exam Review

The League of Nations established mandates to give certain European countries the right to

govern certain Arab territories (of the Ottoman Empire)

What is a totalitarian government?

Totalitarianism is a concept for a form of government or political system that prohibits opposition parties

Fascism glorifies the state above the individual by emphasizing the need for

A strong central government led by a dictator.

The purpose of Stalin’s Five-Year Plans was to

develop heavy industry and collectivize agriculture

In 1923, the Nationalists and Communists in China formed an alliance against

Warlords and Imperialist powers

Who ordered the killing of thousands of Communists in the Shanghai Massacre?

Chiang Kai-Shek

In the autumn of 1931, Manchuria was invaded by …

Japan seeking raw materials

Authoritarianism spread in Latin America during the 1930s largely because of

The Great Depression

How did Hitler come to power in Germany?

Hitler was appointed Chancellor in January 1933 and gained expanded authority through the Enabling Act in March 1933.

The Enabling Act allowed Hitler to establish a totalitarian state by

giving the government power to ignore the constitution for four years while it issued laws.

What were the Nuremberg laws?

Antisemitic and racist laws enacted in Nazi Germany in 1935.

A philosophical movement that developed during the 1920s and 1930s and which holds that each person must act alone in choosing his or her actions

existentialism

Why did many Germans accept Hitler and the Nazis?

They believed Hitler had pulled Germany out of the depression.

Why did Britain and France not oppose Fascist aggression during the 1930s?

They underestimated the danger and wanted a stronger Germany as a buffer against the Soviet Union.

Who led the People’s Liberation Army on the Long March?

Mao Zedong

In 1938, Hitler demanded, and was given, what area in northwestern Czechoslovakia?

Sudentenland

When and why did Britain and France declare war on Germany?

On September 3, in response to hitler’s invasion of poland

Roosevelt and Churchill defined Allied war aims in what document?

Atlantic Charter

What occurred on December 7 1941?

Japan air raids Pearl Harbor.

What was the turning point of the war in the Pacific?

Battle of Midway

How did Japan address labor shortages during the war?

Japan ordered workers from China and South Korea.

Who was the commander of Allied forces in western Europe and Northern Africa?

Eisenhower

The Battle of Stalingrad was a crushing defeat for Germany because

the Soviets used captured German equipment to push Germany out of the USSR.

At the Yalta Conference, the Allies agreed to . . .

the Big Three agreed that after Germany’s unconditional surrender, it would be divided into four post-war occupation zones, controlled by U.S., British, French and Soviet military forces

The slaughter of European civilians, particularly European Jews, by the Nazis became known as what?

The Holocaust

Why was the battle of the Bulge significant?

It marked the last German offensive on the Western Front.

By 1945, how many Jews had Hitler and his Nazis murdered?

6 million

What was addressed in the Nuremberg trials?

All German crimes associated with WWII

It is estimated that millions of lives were saved during World War II because of the discovery of

Penicillin

Which nation declined economically after World War II?

Great Britain

The Truman Doctrine stated that the U.S. would provide

money to nations threatened by Communist expansion.

What was the Marshall Plan designed to do?

Provide economic recovery aid to Western Europe.

U.S. fears about the spread of communism were increased when

China became a Communist nation in 1949.

What was the purpose of the Warsaw Pact?

To reinforce communist dominance in Eastern Europe.

Who deserves most of the credit for West Germany's economic miracle?

Ludwig Erhard

The Berlin Wall was built in order to

prevent mass defections from East to West Germany.

What did Khrushchev promise in the agreement ending the Cuban missile crisis? (Kennedy)

Not to invade Cuba

What does the term “détente” mean?

The relaxation of strained political relations.

What event caused the end of the “détente” phase of relations between the U.S. and the Soviet Union?

USSR's invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 and Reagan’s anti-détente policies.

What were policies of Margaret Thatcher as Prime Minister of Great Britain?

Low inflation

Who nationalized major banks and industries in France in the 1980s?

Francois Mitterrand

What were serious problems facing Gorbachev as a leader of the USSR?

The multi-ethnic republics

Who challenged the Communist government of Poland by organizing and leading Solidarity?

Lech Walesa

The Russian word glasnost was used to describe what goal of Mikhail Gorbachev?

Government reform and openness

Who led the largest military coalition in history to force the Iraqi army out of Iraq but lost support for breaking a tax pledge?

George H. W. Bush

Which nations joined the NATO alliance after the collapse of the USSR?

Poland (and most Warsaw Pact nations)

Where did Russian Presidents Yeltsin and Putin use military force to suppress rebellion?

Chechnya

Who lost support of his base when he committed British troops to U.S.-led coalitions in Afghanistan and Iraq?

Tony Blair

Who was chosen to lead France amid tensions with its Muslim population?

Nicolas Sarkozy

Who was the European Parliament member who campaigned for his country to leave the EU?

Nigel Farage

Why have many Latin American nations suffered economic difficulties after WWII?

Reliance on raw goods

Why did working-class people support Juan Perón?

He provided benefits to laborers and unions.

Who was overthrown by Fidel Castro’s forces in 1959?

Battista

Who overthrew Salvador Allende and became dictator of Chile in 1973?

Pinochet

What South American country was heavily influenced by drug cartels in the 1990s?

Colombia

Who overthrew the Somoza family of Nicaragua but later lost free elections?

The Sandinistas led by Daniel Ortega

What countries were involved in the 1982 Falklands War?

Argentina and Great Britain

What tensions exist among modern African cultures?

Traditional values vs. modern global influences

What group called for armed resistance against white South Africa after Mandela's arrest?

African National Congress (ANC)

Who became South Africa’s first Black president after 26 years in prison?

Nelson Mandela

What year did the UN divide Palestine into a Jewish and Arab state?

1947

What countries were involved in the Suez War of 1956?

Britain, France, Israel

The Camp David Accords led to a peace treaty between Israel and

Egypt

Why did Muslim leaders like Khomeini oppose the Shah of Iran?

The Shah promoted Western materialism

Which nation held 52 American hostages for over a year?

Iran

What does the term "intifada" mean?

Uprising

What was the basis of the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq?

Claims of weapons of mass destruction and ties to terrorism

How did Mohandas Gandhi protest British laws?

Civil disobedience and nonviolence

What is the primary religion of Pakistan?

Islam

What country was ruled by the Khmer Rouge?

Cambodia

Who defeated Ferdinand Marcos in Philippine elections?

Corazon Aquino

What was involved with the Four Modernizations policy?

Agriculture

What was the target of student protests at Tiananmen Square in 1989?

Corrupt officials and demand for political reform

How has China maintained political and social control?

Government control over education and media

Who has been placed in re-education camps by China?

Uyghurs

What is China’s Belt and Road Initiative?

A project to improve global trade infrastructure and connectivity

What are challenges currently facing China?

Aging population

What were the postwar changes in Japan’s constitution?

Self-defense-only military

What did not contribute to Japan’s “Lost Decade”?

Government overspending

First leader of Britain’s Labour Party

Ramsay MacDonald

Appeased Hitler to avoid war

Neville Chamberlain

Led Britain in its most desperate hour and announced the Cold War

Winston Churchill

British Labour leader who set out to create a modern welfare state

Clement Attlee

Sought to limit the power of labor unions and the growth of government programs

Margaret Thatcher

British Labour leader who stood with America in its war against Iraq and Afghanistan

Tony Blair

Leader of the Free French in WWII and first president of the Fifth Republic

Charles de Gaulle

Nationalized major French banks and industries during a recession

Francois Mitterrand

Opposed the US and British demands for UN action against Saddam Hussein for violation of UN resolutions

Jacques Chirac

West German leader responsible for the economic miracle

Conrad Adenauer

Nobel Prize recipient and known for “Ost Politik

” Willy Brandt

Last Communist leader of East Germany

Erich Honecker

Chancellor of Germany during the reunification of West and East Germany

Helmut Kohl

German general of WWI and President of the Weimar Republic

Paul von Hindenburg

Founder of the Soviet Union and organized the Comintern

Vladimir Lenin

Made the Non-Aggression Pact with Hitler and responsible for tens of millions of deaths of his own people

Joseph Stalin

Led De-Stalinization and built the Berlin Wall

Nikita Khrushchev

Soviet leader who created a policy of intervention if communism was threatened

Leonid Brezhnev

Last Communist leader of the Soviet Union; introduced Perestroika

Mikhail Gorbachev

First freely elected leader of Russia

Boris Yeltsin

Former head of the KGB and president of Russia who sought to regain lost Russian prestige

Vladimir Putin