Clemson BIOL 2220 Exam 1

Anatomy

greek(to dissect)

-study of structures and the relationship of those structures

Gross anatomy

can be seen with the naked eye

regional anatomy

specific locations

systemic anatomy

organ systems

surface anatomy

from what you can see on the surface of the skin

-tendons

-markings

-vascular tissue

-leads to forensic reconstruction

microscopic anatomy

can't be seen with the naked eye

-cytology(cells)

-histology(tissues)

developmental anatomy

changes in anatomy

-fertilization->death

-embryology (fertilization-> birth)

pathological anatomy

change in structure from disease

radiographic anatomy

study using specialized imaging techniques

Xray

short wave rays

-gamma radiation

-light waves pass through soft tissues and reflect off of dense bone

CT scan

computerized tomography

-light energy, xRays in sections

-pics layered with computer

-sections without overlap

-shadowing of soft tissues

Xenon CT

gas that gets radioactively labeled

-inhaled gives off light on film

-accumulations in most active tissues

DSR scan

Dynamic Spacial reconstruction

-360 pictures

-3D

DSA

digital subtraction angiography

-2 picts, before and after

-shows contrast from both pictures to show only blood vessels

PET scan

positon emission tomography

-radioactive isotopes

-show metabolic processes

Ultrasound

sound waves

-transmitter and receiver

-bounces off different types of tissues

MRI

magnetic resonance imaging

-magnetic energy polarizes ions in the body

-hydrogen ions

-only soft tissue shows because it has more water

MRS

magnetic resonance spec trophy

-same tech as MRI

-different types of ions

M2A

camera pill

pics along digestive tract

Physiology

greek(Physis-function)

-study of function chemically and physically

relationship of Physiology and anatomy

looks the way it does because of its function

-structure can dictate function and function can dictate structure

Order of structural organization

-chemical

-cellular

-tissues

-organs

-organ system

-organismic

Chemical

lowest level of study

all of the chemicals essential for life

-all reactions must occur in solution

Cellular

structure and functional unit of life

Tissue

2 or more cells working toward a common function

organ

2 or more tissues

organ system

2 or more organs

organismic

whole organism

list the life processes

limiting boundaries

excitable

conductivity

metabolism

digestion

excretion

movement

growth

reproduction

limiting boundaries

skin, plasma membrane

excitable

ability to sense change within and around boundaries

-response to stimuli

conductivity

connecting one part to another

metabolism

catabolism

anabolism

-life sustaining chemical processes

catabolism

break down pathways

anabolism

build things up

digestion

mechanical

chemical

Excretion

elimination of wastes

movement

locomotion

muscular contractions

growth

increase in size

more cells

does the number of adipose or muscles cells change throughout life?

no. same number throughout life

reproduction

mitosis and procreation

mitosic

cellular reproduction

procreation

new individual organism

what factors are needed for survival

nutrients

oxygen

nutrients

micro-needed in small amounts

macro-needed in larger amounts

homeostasis

equilibrium within the body

what is needed for homeostasis to occur?

feedback systems

factors that can disrupt homeostasis

pH

water

nutrients

temperature

feedback system

any circular situation where info about the states of something continually reported to a central control region

positive feedback

intensify the condition until stimuli stops

negative feedback

response is to reverse the initial condition back to homeostasis

elements that make up 99% of the body

O

C

H

N

Ca

P

matter

anything that has mass and occupies space

energy

ability to do work

ability to put matter into motion

potential energy

energy waiting to happen

kinetic energy

energy of something in motion

chemical energy

kinetic and potential chemical energy

-energy between elemental bonds is stored and released when they are formed and broken

mechanical energy

energy used to do work

-includes kinetic and potential energy

how are atoms and elements related to one another?

elements are pure substances composed of atoms of a single kind

electromagnetic energy

energy that travels in waves

molecule

2 or more atoms bonded to one another

compound

2 or more different elements bonded together

1st law of thermodynamics

energy cannot be created or destroyed, changes from one form to another

2nd law of thermodynamics

no reaction is 100% efficient. energy is lost to the system

hydrogen bond

attractive forces forms between a partially polar molecules

isotopes

atoms that have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons

ionic bond

charged substance

-results in polar compounds

-positively or negatively charged particles formed when an atom loses or gains electrons

covalent bond

atoms share electrons

strongest bond

chemical reaction

making or breaking of bonds

number of atoms remain the same just rearranged

synthesis reaction

2 or more atoms or molecules combined to make something bigger

decomposition reaction

bonds of large molecules broken to make smaller molecules

all reactions in the body are which type?

decomposition or synthesis

exchange reaction

synthesis or decomposition reactions where parts are being exchanged

reversible reactions

reactions that can go n both directions

condensation reaction

larger molecules split by losing water

endothermic reaction

absorbs heat

exothermic reaction

releases heat

Limiting factors of chemical reactions

molecular size

temperature

catalysts

activation energy

energy of particles

activation energy

energy given in collision that allows reactions to occur

catalyst

lower activation energy

enzyme

biological catalysts

biochemistry

chemical composition and reactions of living matter

inorganic compounds

molecules that do not contain carbon

organic compounds

contains carbon

-carbon has the potential to form covalent bonds

-not going to dissociate

important inorganic compounds

water 60-80% body comp

important organic compounds

carbs

properties of water

high heat capacity

universal solvent

-hydrolysis, condensation reaction

-cushioning potential

hydrolysis

break bonds by adding water

pH

measurement of acidity or alkalinity

-scale of 1-14

-hydrogen ion concentration in solution

how does the body maintain pH

neutralization and buffering

buffering

solution that resists change in pH

salts

dissociate to form anions and cations

-movement of charged particles gives electrical energy

-can be deposited into a matrix

what are the building blocks of the important organic molecules

carbohydrates

whats the general structure of the important organic molecules

carbon chains

which type of carbohydrates need to be digested before they are absorbed

disaccharides and poly saccharides

neutral fats

triglycerides

-nonpolar

-function in insulation

-kidneys are packed in fat

-protects and serves as a cushion

what are triglycerides composed of

glyceride and 3 fatty acids

saturated fats

no double bonds

solid at room temp

increases cholesterol

no increase in cholesterol

trans fats

solidified poly unsaturated or saturated fats

adds flavor

grossly increases cholesterol

unsaturated fats

contains a singly 2x bond