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hello! big shout out to everyone who offered to help me make this study set for our first exam! I included all of the subjects from the "for the exam" slides from the class presentation. be sure to thank everyone who work on it, thank you and good luck <3
What did Bowlby’s Research show?
Bowlby’s theory suggested that children’s earliest social bonds (parents, caregivers) act as a prototype for all future social relationships so disrupting it can have severe consequences.
What is Social Modeling?
Children learn behaviors from those around them , may account for some forms of abnormal behavior.
What are the Social Factors that promote and support mental health?
•Loving Supportive Family Relationships
•Healthy Attachments with Caregivers
•Safe, Nurturing, Good Role Models, A Few Rules that are Enforced Fairly, and Consistently
•Supportive Communities – Sense of Connection and Identity with the community
What are the Social Factors that are destructive to and compromise mental health?
•Unloving Abusive Family Relationships
•Distant, Cold, Critical, Un-nurturing Parenting
•Unsupportive Communities – Sense of Isolation – no connection
What is Catastrophizing?
cognitive distortion that prompts people to jump to the worst possible conclusion, usually with very limited information or objective reason to despair.
What are the outcomes of the four different caregiver attachment style?
Secure
Anxious
Dismissive
Fearful
Learn the different personality disorders and their associated behaviors
Cluster A
◦Paranoid Personality Disorder- Pervasive Pattern of Mistrust of Intent or Motives of Other People
◦Schizoid Personality Disorders- Restricted range of emotions in interpersonal settings
◦Schizotypal Personality Disorders- Odd beliefs, cognitive or perceptual distortion (magical thinking) inconsistent with cultural norms (bizarre fantasies or preoccupations)
Cluster B
◦Antisocial Personality Disorder- An ingrained pattern of behavior in which individuals consistently disregard and violate the rights of others around them
◦Borderline Personality Disorder- a chronic condition that may include mood instability, difficulty with interpersonal relationships, and high rates of self-injury and suicidal behavior.
◦Histrionic Personality Disorder- Constant attention-seeking, emotional overreaction, and seductive behavior. People with this condition tend to overdramatize situations, which may impair relationships and lead to depression.
◦Narcissistic Personality Disorder- a lack of empathy for other people, and a need for admiration. People with this condition are frequently described as arrogant, self-centered, manipulative, and demanding.
Cluster C
•Avoidant Personality Disorder- Extreme shyness and fear of rejection make it difficult for people to interact socially and professionally.
•Dependent Personality Disorder- A pervasive and excessive need to be cared for that leads to submissive and clinging behavior as well as fears of separation.
•Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder- A mental disorder in which people experience unwanted and repeated thoughts, feelings, images, or sensations (obsessions) and engage in behaviors or mental acts (compulsions) in response.
What does the S in SMART goals mean?
(S) BE SPECIFIC
•Transform your Vision into Specific Outcomes and Behavior
•Define your objectives into well-defined goals – Behavior that one could observe if they were watching you
What does the M in SMART goals mean?
(M) How will you Measure Success?
•Consider Setting Process Goals
•What will the Outcome Look Like?
•Example: I will draw the summary of chapter 1
What does the A in SMART goals mean?
(A) What is the Action Plan
Taking Action Requires Formulating a Plan What Are The Multiple Steps to Obtaining Larger Goal?
What does the R in SMART goals mean?
(R) Is the Goal Realistic and Relevant?
•Spending 20 minutes vs. studying 2 days with no breaks
•Organizing information vs. Chaos
•Responsibility vs. The Dog Ate My Homework
•Back up plan vs. Being Sabotaged by Unexpected Events
What does the T in SMART goals mean?
(T) Make the Goal time-limited
•Create small projects that can be reasonably accomplished
•Study Everything From Semester in one night before the exam vs. Open the textbook to chapter for assignment
•Transfer dates of exams and HW assignments into a weekly calendar
•Put date of next exam in a visible place
What are the 4 D’s of Abnormal Behavior?
Deviance
Deviance from Societal Norms
Deviance from Legal Norms
Deviance from Behavioral Norms
Emotional distress
Behavior Thoughts or Emotions that cause dis-stress to the individual
Behavior Thoughts or Emotions that cause emotional dis-stress to others (personality disorders)
Dysfunction
Behavior Thoughts or Emotions that interfere with the individual’s
Ability to perform responsibilities and roles in daily life
Occupational functioning; Social Functioning – (Parenting – family friends and occupational relationships)
Danger
Sometimes Present with Mental Disorders – Not Always !!
Behavior That is Dangerous to Oneself or Others
What is the definition of “Abnormal Behavior”?
Behavior is considered to be abnormal when it is atypical or out of the ordinary, consists of undesirable behavior, and results in impairment in the individual's functioning
Abnormality in behavior, is that in which is considered deviant from specific societal, cultural and ethical expectations
What is the definition of a psychological disorder?
an ongoing dysfunctional pattern of thought, emotion, and behavior that causes significant distress, and that is considered deviant in that person’s culture or society
What are the tools we use to assess and diagnose abnormal behavior?
Using the DSM which is a very valuable resource and tool for assessing mental health disorders for physicians and other mental health professionals
Why is the DSM an important tool for Mental Health Clinicians?
An elaborate resource used by mental health clinicians to help them diagnose mental disorders
Provides guidelines for diagnosing disorders
Provides descriptions of disorders
What are a few signs of a psychological disorder?
Changes in behavior; VERY IMPORTANT !!!
Presence of risk of dangerousness to self or others
Sleep disruptions
Difficulty coping with daily life
Loss of productivity
Emotional Unbalance; High levels of Stress
Social withdrawal or aggression
According to the psychological literature,” Is psychotherapy Effective”?
“The results of research demonstrate the beneficial effects of counseling and psychotherapy.
Despite volumes devoted to the theoretical differences among different schools of psychotherapy, the results of research demonstrate negligible differences in the effects produced by different therapy types.
What are the three aspects of Beck’s negative triad that is associated with symptoms of depression?
Negative views about oneself – 'nobody loves me. '
Negative views about the world – 'the world is an unfair place.
Negative views about the future – 'I will always be a failure. '
What are the Goals of Psychoanalysis (a.k.a. the talking cure)?
Goals:
Bring patients’ repressed feelings of unconscious into conscious awareness
Resolving Inner Conflicts - id–ego–superego conflicts - so patients may achieve healthier, less anxious lives.
Techniques:
Explore the PAST ( trauma relationships with caregivers etc)
Hypnosis, dream analysis, and free association
Interpretation of content of speech, interpretation of resistance, transference
How do antidepressants work?
Antidepressants work by increasing neurotransmitters. These are chemicals in the brain like serotonin and noradrenaline. They can improve mood and emotion, although this process isn't fully understood. Increasing levels of neurotransmitters can also disrupt pain signals sent by nerves
What is Behavior Modification Treatment?
Behavior Modification Treatment = Desired behavior is reinforced; undesired behavior is not reinforced, and sometimes punished
What is Carl Roger’s Main Goal for Therapy?
Carl Rogers - Client Centered Therapy
Unconditional Positive Regard
Therapists foster personal growth and self-empowerment by exhibiting genuineness, acceptance, and empathy
non-directive; active listening
What is the Purpose of Cognitive Therapy?
How one explains their life events and relationships impacts their emotional wellbeing and mental health
What are the main differences between Eastern Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine for the Treatment of Mental Health Disorders?
Eastern Traditional Chinese Medicine
Believes that the working of the Body Mind and Spirit are Interdependent – Holistic Approach
Treatment aimed at promoting harmonious flow of invisible energy through the meridians of the body by using acupuncture – acupressure – herbal remedies
Traditional Western Medicine
Believes that working of body is separate from working of mind and spirit – allopathic medicine
Treatment by medicine and surgery to fix the part that is broken and to treat the symptoms only
What are the four areas of impairment?
identity, self direction, empathy, intimacy
what is a behavioral example of identity?
self awareness and self-confidence
what is a behavioral example of self direction?
goal setting- following through with ideas- role fulfillment
what is a behavioral example of empathy?
understanding emotions & needs of others
what is a behavioral example of intimacy?
interpersonal relationships
What is a personality trait?
a relatively stable, enduring predisposition to consistently behave in a certain way
What is a personality state?
behavior reflects situational variables
What is a personality disorder?
inner experience and behavior that leads to dysfunction personally and interpersonally
What is the definition of a personality disorder?
-pervasive enduring patterns of inner experience and behavior that causes functional impairment
-inner experience and behavior deviate significantly from cultural norms
-behavior is pervasive across situations
-stable pattern of behavior over time
What are the 3 categories of personality disorders?
Cluster A
Cluster B
Cluster C
Please describe Cluster A
behavior is characterized as odd or eccentric
please describe cluster B
behavior appears dramatic- unstable (unemotional) or (overly) emotional
describe cluster C
behaviors characterized by anxiety and fear
At what age can a personality disorder be diagnosed?
18+
What are the behaviors and symptoms related to the 3 disorders in Cluster A?
behavior is characterized as odd or eccentric
What is Antisocial Personality Disorder & their associated behaviors?
A personality disorder characterized by a pervasive pattern of disregarding and violating the rights of others; such individuals are also often referred to as psychopaths or sociopaths.
Repeated run-in’s the with law or school authorities –
Behaviors such as: cruelty to animals, attacking or harming adults or other children, theft, setting fires, and destroying property
The habitual failure to conform to social norms and rules
Hallmark – Deceit, exploitation, manipulation, or harm of others for personal gain
Lack of anxiety – or remorse
Contemptuous about the feelings and rights of others – blame victims
Blunted or absence of empathy
Superficial – may appear emotionally deep or present
What is Borderline Personality Disorder & their associated behaviors?
Instability of identity, goals, emotions, career. interpersonal relationships, and marked impulsivity
Moves from idealization of a new lover to viewing that person with contempt
Inappropriate extreme anger and displays of temper
Frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment
Recurrent suicidal behavior or self-mutilating behavior - risk taking
A pattern of unstable and intense interpersonal relationships characterized by alternating between extremes of idealization and devaluation
What is Histrionic Personality Disorder & their associated behaviors?
Overly concerned with physical appearance
NEED TO BE CENTER OF ATTENTION
Constantly seeking approval or reassurance
Excessively sensitive to criticism
Easily Bored
Not thinking before acting
Impulsive Decision Making
Self – centered
Difficulty maintaining Relationships
What is Narcissistic Personality Disorder & their associated behaviors?
Grandiose sense of self-importance (e.g., exaggerates achievements and talents, expects to be recognized as superior without commensurate achievements)
Pervasive Pattern of grandiosity and need for attention
Preoccupied with fantasies of unlimited success, power, brilliance – self important
Believes that he or she is "special" and unique and can only be understood by, or should associate with, other special or high-status people (or institutions)
Inflated sense of self importance - Superiority
Fragile Ego - Narcissistic Rage
Casting Doubt upon another perception – gas lighting
Denying thing they did or said
Is interpersonally exploitative, i.e., takes advantage of others to achieve his or her own ends
Lacks empathy: is unwilling to recognize or identify with the feelings and needs of others
What is Avoidant Personality Disorder & their associated behaviors?
Pervasive Pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation
Low self-esteem (self-confidence) – shame or inadequacy
Unwilling to be involved with others unless certain of being liked
Identity disturbance- Views self as inferior to others
Reluctant to try new things because may prove to be embarrassing
What is Dependent Personality Disorders & their associated behaviors?
Behave Submissively
Fear Rejection
Unable to be Alone
Fear of Abandonment
Do not get angry at others
Easily hurt by Disapproval
Need Reassurance
When alone may experience panic attacks, anxiety, fear, hopelessness
What is Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder & their associated behaviors?
A pervasive pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and mental and interpersonal control
Preoccupied with details, rules, lists, order, organization or schedules – to the point where the joy in original activity is lost
Unable to discard worn out or worthless objects that have no sentimental value
Mentally Inflexible
Rigid Perfectionism
Unable to delegate tasks unless others submit to their way of doing things
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