EXAM #1 - ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY

hello! big shout out to everyone who offered to help me make this study set for our first exam! I included all of the subjects from the "for the exam" slides from the class presentation. be sure to thank everyone who work on it, thank you and good luck <3

What did Bowlby’s Research show?

Bowlby’s theory suggested that children’s earliest social bonds (parents, caregivers) act as a prototype for all future social relationships so disrupting it can have severe consequences.

What is Social Modeling?

Children learn behaviors from those around them , may account for some forms of abnormal behavior.

What are the Social Factors that promote and support mental health?

•Loving Supportive Family Relationships

•Healthy Attachments with Caregivers

•Safe,  Nurturing, Good Role Models, A Few Rules that are Enforced Fairly, and Consistently

•Supportive Communities – Sense of Connection and Identity with the community

What are the Social Factors that are destructive to and compromise mental health?

•Unloving Abusive Family Relationships

•Distant, Cold, Critical,  Un-nurturing Parenting

•Unsupportive Communities – Sense of Isolation – no connection

What is Catastrophizing?

cognitive distortion that prompts people to jump to the worst possible conclusion, usually with very limited information or objective reason to despair.

What are the outcomes of the four different caregiver attachment style?

Secure 

Anxious

Dismissive

Fearful

Learn the different personality disorders and their associated behaviors

==**Cluster A**==

◦Paranoid Personality Disorder- Pervasive Pattern of Mistrust of Intent or Motives of Other People

◦Schizoid Personality Disorders- Restricted range of emotions in interpersonal settings

◦Schizotypal Personality Disorders- Odd beliefs, cognitive or perceptual distortion (magical thinking) inconsistent with cultural norms (bizarre fantasies or preoccupations)

@@**Cluster B**@@

◦Antisocial Personality Disorder- An ingrained pattern of behavior in which individuals consistently disregard and violate the rights of others around them

◦Borderline Personality Disorder- a chronic condition that may include mood instability, difficulty with interpersonal relationships, and high rates of self-injury and suicidal behavior.

◦Histrionic Personality Disorder- Constant attention-seeking, emotional overreaction, and seductive behavior. People with this condition tend to overdramatize situations, which may impair relationships and lead to depression.

◦Narcissistic Personality Disorder- a lack of empathy for other people, and a need for admiration. People with this condition are frequently described as arrogant, self-centered, manipulative, and demanding.

**Cluster C**

•Avoidant Personality Disorder- Extreme shyness and fear of rejection make it difficult for people to interact socially and professionally.

•Dependent Personality Disorder- A pervasive and excessive need to be cared for that leads to submissive and clinging behavior as well as fears of separation.

•Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder- A mental disorder in which people experience unwanted and repeated thoughts, feelings, images, or sensations (obsessions) and engage in behaviors or mental acts (compulsions) in response.

What does the S in SMART goals mean?

==**(S) BE SPECIFIC**==

•Transform your Vision into Specific Outcomes and Behavior

•Define your objectives into well-defined goals –  Behavior that one could observe if they were watching you

What does the M in SMART goals mean?

@@**(M) How will you Measure Success?**@@

•Consider Setting Process Goals

•What will the Outcome Look Like?

•Example: I will draw the summary of chapter 1

What does the A in SMART goals mean?

(**A) What is the Action Plan**

* Taking Action Requires Formulating a Plan What Are The Multiple Steps to Obtaining Larger Goal?

What does the R in SMART goals mean?

%%**(R) Is the Goal Realistic and Relevant?**%%

•Spending 20 minutes vs. studying 2 days with no breaks

•Organizing information vs. Chaos

•Responsibility vs. The Dog Ate My Homework

•Back up plan vs. Being Sabotaged by Unexpected Events

What does the T in SMART goals mean?

^^**(T) Make the Goal time-limited**^^

•Create small projects that can be reasonably accomplished

•Study Everything From Semester in one night before the exam vs. Open the textbook to chapter for assignment

•Transfer dates of exams and HW assignments into a weekly calendar

•Put date of next exam in a visible place

What are the 4 D’s of Abnormal Behavior?

==**Deviance**==

* Deviance from Societal Norms
* Deviance from Legal Norms
* Deviance from Behavioral Norms

@@**Emotional distress**@@

* Behavior Thoughts or Emotions that cause dis-stress to the individual
* Behavior Thoughts or Emotions that cause emotional dis-stress to others (personality disorders)

**Dysfunction**

* Behavior Thoughts or Emotions that interfere with the individual’s
* Ability to perform responsibilities and roles in daily life
* Occupational functioning; Social Functioning – (Parenting – family friends and occupational relationships)

%%**Danger**%%

* Sometimes Present with Mental Disorders – __Not Always__ !!
* Behavior That is Dangerous to Oneself or Others

What is the definition of “Abnormal Behavior”?

* Behavior is considered to be abnormal when it is atypical or out of the ordinary, consists of undesirable behavior, and results in impairment in the individual's functioning


* Abnormality in behavior, is that in which is considered deviant from specific societal, cultural and ethical expectations

What is the definition of a psychological disorder?

an ongoing dysfunctional pattern of thought, emotion, and behavior that causes significant distress, and that is considered deviant in that person’s culture or society

What are the tools we use to assess and diagnose abnormal behavior?

Using the DSM which is a very valuable resource and tool for assessing mental health disorders for physicians and other mental health professionals

Why is the DSM an important tool for Mental Health Clinicians?

* An elaborate resource used by mental health clinicians to help them diagnose mental disorders
* Provides guidelines for diagnosing disorders
* Provides descriptions of disorders

What are a few signs of a psychological disorder?

* Changes in behavior; VERY IMPORTANT !!!


* Presence of risk of dangerousness to self or others


* Sleep disruptions


* Difficulty coping with daily life


* Loss of productivity


* Emotional Unbalance;  High levels of Stress


* Social withdrawal or aggression

According to the psychological literature,” Is psychotherapy Effective”?

* “The results of research demonstrate the beneficial effects of counseling and psychotherapy.
* Despite volumes devoted to the theoretical differences among different schools of psychotherapy, the results of research demonstrate negligible differences in the effects produced by different therapy types.

What are the three aspects of Beck’s negative triad that is associated with symptoms of depression?

* Negative views about oneself – 'nobody loves me. '


* Negative views about the world – 'the world is an unfair place.
* Negative views about the future – 'I will always be a failure. '

What are the Goals of Psychoanalysis (a.k.a. the talking cure)?

==**Goals:**==

* Bring patients’ repressed feelings of unconscious into conscious awareness 
* Resolving Inner Conflicts  - id–ego–superego conflicts - so patients may achieve healthier, less anxious lives.

\
@@**Techniques:**@@

* Explore the PAST ( trauma relationships with caregivers etc)
* Hypnosis, dream analysis, and free association
* Interpretation of content of speech, interpretation of resistance, transference

How do antidepressants work?

Antidepressants work by increasing neurotransmitters. These are chemicals in the brain like serotonin and noradrenaline. They can improve mood and emotion, although this process isn't fully understood. Increasing levels of neurotransmitters can also disrupt pain signals sent by nerves

What is Behavior Modification Treatment?

**Behavior Modification Treatment =** Desired behavior is reinforced; undesired behavior is not reinforced, and sometimes punished

What is Carl Roger’s Main Goal for Therapy?

**Carl Rogers - Client Centered Therapy**

* Unconditional Positive Regard
* Therapists foster personal growth and self-empowerment by exhibiting genuineness, acceptance, and empathy
* non-directive; active listening

What is the Purpose of Cognitive Therapy?

How one explains their life events and relationships impacts their emotional wellbeing and mental health

What are the main differences between Eastern Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine for the Treatment of Mental Health Disorders?

__Eastern Traditional Chinese Medicine__

* Believes that the working of the Body Mind and Spirit are Interdependent – Holistic Approach
* Treatment aimed at promoting harmonious flow of invisible energy through the meridians of the body by using acupuncture – acupressure – herbal remedies

%%__Traditional Western Medicine__%%

* Believes that working of body is separate from working of mind and spirit – allopathic medicine
* Treatment by medicine and surgery to fix the part that is broken and to treat the symptoms only

What are the four areas of impairment?

identity, self direction, empathy, intimacy

what is a behavioral example of identity?

self awareness and self-confidence

what is a behavioral example of self direction?

goal setting- following through with ideas- role fulfillment

what is a behavioral example of empathy?

understanding emotions & needs of others

what is a behavioral example of intimacy?

interpersonal relationships

What is a personality trait?

a relatively stable, enduring predisposition to consistently behave in a certain way

What is a personality state?

behavior reflects situational variables

What is a personality disorder?

inner experience and behavior that leads to dysfunction personally and interpersonally

What is the definition of a personality disorder?

\-pervasive enduring patterns of inner experience and behavior that causes functional impairment

\-inner experience and behavior deviate significantly from cultural norms

\-behavior is pervasive across situations

\-stable pattern of behavior over time

What are the 3 categories of personality disorders?

Cluster A

Cluster B

Cluster C

Please describe Cluster A

behavior is characterized as odd or eccentric

please describe cluster B

behavior appears dramatic- unstable (unemotional) or (overly) emotional

describe cluster C

behaviors characterized by anxiety and fear

At what age can a personality disorder be diagnosed?

18+

What are the behaviors and symptoms related to the 3 disorders in Cluster A?

behavior is characterized as odd or eccentric

What is Antisocial Personality Disorder & their associated behaviors?

* A personality disorder characterized by a pervasive pattern of disregarding and violating the rights of others; such individuals are also often referred to as psychopaths or sociopaths.
* Repeated run-in’s the with law or school authorities –
* Behaviors such as:  cruelty to animals, attacking or harming adults or other children, theft, setting fires, and destroying property
* The habitual failure to conform to social norms and rules
* Hallmark – Deceit, exploitation,  manipulation, or harm of others for personal gain
* Lack of anxiety – or remorse
* Contemptuous about the feelings and rights of others – blame victims
* Blunted or absence of empathy
* Superficial – may appear emotionally deep or present

What is Borderline Personality Disorder & their associated behaviors?

* Instability of identity, goals, emotions, career. interpersonal relationships,  and marked impulsivity


* Moves from idealization of a new lover to viewing that person with contempt
* Inappropriate extreme anger and displays of temper
* Frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment
* Recurrent suicidal behavior or self-mutilating behavior  -  risk taking
* A pattern of unstable and intense interpersonal relationships characterized by alternating between extremes of idealization and devaluation

What is Histrionic Personality Disorder & their associated behaviors?

* Overly concerned with physical appearance
* NEED TO BE CENTER OF ATTENTION
* Constantly seeking approval or reassurance
* Excessively sensitive to criticism
* Easily Bored
* Not thinking before acting
* Impulsive Decision Making
* Self – centered
* Difficulty maintaining Relationships

What is Narcissistic Personality Disorder & their associated behaviors?

* Grandiose sense of self-importance (e.g., exaggerates achievements and talents, expects to be recognized as superior without commensurate achievements) 
* Pervasive Pattern of grandiosity and need for attention
* Preoccupied with fantasies of unlimited success, power, brilliance – self important
* Believes that he or she is "special" and unique and can only be understood by, or should associate with, other special or high-status people (or institutions)
* Inflated sense of self importance -  Superiority
* Fragile Ego - Narcissistic Rage
* Casting Doubt upon another perception – gas lighting
* Denying thing they did or said
* Is interpersonally exploitative, i.e., takes advantage of others to achieve his or her own ends
* Lacks empathy: is unwilling to recognize or identify with the feelings and needs of others

What is Avoidant Personality Disorder & their associated behaviors?

* Pervasive Pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation
* Low self-esteem (self-confidence)  – shame or inadequacy
* Unwilling to be involved with others unless certain of being liked
* Identity disturbance- Views self as inferior to others
* Reluctant to try new things because may prove to be embarrassing

What is Dependent Personality Disorders & their associated behaviors?

* Behave Submissively
* Fear Rejection
* Unable to be Alone
* Fear of Abandonment
* Do not get angry at others
* Easily hurt by Disapproval
* Need Reassurance
* When alone may experience panic attacks, anxiety, fear, hopelessness

What is Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder & their associated behaviors?

* A pervasive pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and mental and interpersonal control
* Preoccupied with details, rules, lists, order, organization or schedules – to the point where the joy in original activity is lost
* Unable to discard worn out or worthless objects that have no sentimental value
* Mentally Inflexible
* Rigid Perfectionism
* Unable to delegate tasks unless others submit to their way of doing things