Gymnosperm Review Flashcards

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Flashcards about Gymnosperms

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15 Terms

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Gymnosperm

Gymnosperm refers to plants with 'naked seeds,' meaning the seeds are not enclosed in ovaries.

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Pine Tree Sporophyte

A mature pine tree is the 2n sporophyte and has both male 2n 'pollen cones' and female 2n 'ovulate cones'.

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Male Cones

Small, soft, and transient cones that produce pollen in coniferous trees.

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Male Gametophyte Production

Each 2n male pollen cone contains many 2n microsporangia holding 2n microsporocytes (cells) that undergo meiosis to produce n microspores.

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Pollen Grain Development

Each n microspore grows (by mitosis) into a n pollen grain and contains the n male gametophyte (which will later produce sperm via highly reduced antheridium—literally 1 cell!).

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Ovulate Cone Scales

Each 'scale' of a 2n ovulate cone contains two 2n ovules, each with an outer protective 2n integument and a micropyle opening (where a pollen grain will enter).

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Female Gametophyte Production

Each 2n ovule has a 2n megasporangium with a 2n megasporocyte cell that produces a n megaspore by meiosis.

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Megaspore Development

The n megaspore in the ovule develops into a n female gametophyte with an n archegonium that produces an n egg by mitosis. The female gametophyte will never leave the sporophyte (~few 100 cells!)

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Pollination

Occurs when wind carries an n pollen grain to a female cone, entering an ovule’s micropyle opening, where the pollen grain’s male n gametophyte grows a pollen tube delivering haploid sperm.

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Pollen Grain Function

Pollen grains disperse and protect sperm, and eliminate the need for water

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Fertilization (Gymnosperms)

Occurs inside the female ovule, where an n sperm in the pollen tube reaches the n egg produced by the n female gametophyte creating a 2n zygote that grows into a new 2n sporophyte embryo.

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Seed Formation

The whole ovule becomes a seed.

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Seed Components

Protective seed coat (2n) from the ovule integument ; a 2n sporophyte embryo ; n food reserves (derived from the gametophyte).

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Flowers

Modified leaves made of four rings, with reproductive structures (stamens and carpels)

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Fruits

Mature ovaries that help disperse seeds