Collin College Bio 1407 Lab Practical #2

Alternation of Generations

Two distinct generations give rise to one another. The haploid gametophyte generation is characterized by the production of male ad female gametes through mitosis. The male and female gametes fuse during fertilization, forming the diploid sporophyte.

Sporophyte

Dominant generation in vascular seedless and seed plants. diploid result of meiosis of gametophytes

Gametophyte

Dominant generation in non-vascular seedless; haploid result of mitosis of the sporophyte

Gametangium

Term for the structure where gametes form

Sporangium

structure where spores are produced (dominant in moss, ferns, and fungi)

Zygote

Fertilized ovum

Spores

single-celled reproductive units in non-flowering plants

Antheridia

Male gametangium; chamber where male gametes form in Seedless plants

Archegonia

Female Gametangium; chamber where female gametes form in seedless plants

Heterosporous

A plant that bears two types of spores, microspores and megaspores. The resulting gametophyte is dioecious

Homosporous

A plant that bears a spore-producing body that produces only 1 type of spore that contains both male and female parts.

Gametophyte = monoecious

Phylum Hepatophyta

Non-Vascular Seedless

Liverworts

ex. Marchantia - reproduces asexually by gemma cups, and sexually by alternation of genrations ( needs water to move sperm)

Phylum Anthocerophta

Non-Vascular Seedless

Hornworts

Phylum Bryophyta

Non-Vascular Seedless

True Mosses

Asexual repro through fragmentation

Sexual repro through aog

gametophyte stage consists of small spirally arranged leaf-like structures surrounding a central axis. The gametophytes are monoecious.

ex. polytrichum

Heterosporous

Thalloid Liverworts

flat, leaf-like lobed bodies known as thalli and are commonly found along creek banks or on moist soil

Non-Vascular Seedless Characteristics

- No seeds, flowers, or fruits

- No vascular tissues

- Multicellular w/ cellulose cell wall

- No true roots, stems, or leaves

-Depend on water for reproduction

-Small; live in dark, damp places

- Transport water and other nutrients though

cell-to-cell osmosis

- Gametophyte Gen dominant (n)

Xylem

water

Phloem

nutrients

Cuticle

Waxy covering on the surface of plant organs

Stomata

a tiny spore in a leaf plant surrounded by a pair of guard cells that regulate its opening and closure, and serves as the site for gas exchange

Sporophyll

Specialized leaf that bears the sporangia

Strobilus

cone-shaped structure that sits at the tip of the lycophytes and contains spores

Microsporangium

the sporangium that produces the male spores that result in male gametophytes.

Megasporangium

the sporangium that produces the female spores that result in the female gametophytes

Microspores

spores that develop into male gametophytes

Megaspores

Spores that develop into female gametophytes

Phylum Lycophyta

Seedless Vascular Plants

club mosses, quillworts, spike mosses

ex. lycopodium (homosporous)

Selaginella (heterosporous)

sporophyte gen dominant

most ancient group of seedless vascular plants

Lycopodium Strobilus

Seedless Vascular

Phylum Lycophyta

homosporous

Selaginella Strobilus

Seedless Vascular

Phylum Lycophyta

heterosporous

Phylum Psilophyta

Seedless Vascular

Whisk Ferns

Phylum Sphenophyta

Seedless Vascular

Horsetail

ex. equistem

Horsetail sporophytes produce strobili at the tip of the stem composed of scale-like sporangiophores.

Phylum Pterophyta

Seedless Vascular

Ferns

sporophyte stage is dominant in ferns with most being homosporous.

Spores known as sori found on the underside of fronds

gametophyte generation is heart-shaped and known as prothallus

Gymnosperm

cone-bearing plants with naked seeds, not enclosed in an ovule

Angiosperm

flowering plants, most diverse and numerous plants on Earth

Ovulate Seed Cone

female cone; megasporangium that produces female gametophytes

Pollen Cone

male cone; microsporangium that produces male gametophytes

Integument

outermost layer of an ovule

Dioecious

contain male and female reproductive parts on different plants

Monoecious

contain both male and female reproductive parts on the same plant

Phylum Cycadophyta

Gymnosperm

ex. Cycads, Sago Palms

Phylum Ginkgophyta

Gymnosperm

ex. ginkgo biloba

Phylum Gnetophyta

Gymnosperm

ex. Ephedra, Welwitschia, Gnetum

Phylum Coniferophyta

Gymnosperm

dioecious

ex. conifers

Pine Pollen Grains

Pinus Staminate Cone

Cotyledon

a seed leaf that nourishes the developing embryonic plant

Eudicot

the presence of pollen grains having three, long, grooved openings & 2 cotyledons

Dicot

a seed that contains two cotyledons; pollen grains have one grooved opening

Monocot

seed that has only 1 cotyledon ; pollen grains have one grooved opening

Radicle

embryonic root at the lower end of the hypocotyl

Hypocotyl

the stem-like portion beneath the cotyledon

Epicotyl

stem-like portion above the cotyledon

Coleoptile

the sheath-like protective structure that encloses the young shoot tip of a monocot.

Flower

reproductive structure of all angiosperms

May be solitary or an inflorescence, actinomorphic (radially symmetrical), zygomorphic (bilaterally symmetrical), or have a superior or inferior ovary.

Fruit

-seed-bearing structure in flowering plants that forms from the ovary

-may be simple (formed from a single ovary) or compound (formed from multiple ovaries that have fused together)

Herbaceous Tissue

plants that have no persistent woody stem above ground

Woody Tissue

a plant with woody parts, especially stems

Complete Flower

flower that contains sepals, stamen, pistils, and petals

Incomplete Flower

flower that lacks one or more sepals, petals, stamen, or pistils

Perfect Flower

possess both stamens and pistils

Imperfect Flower

possesses one sex; lacks either stamens or pistils

Ripened Ovary

Fruit

Dicots Petals

4&5 petals

Monocot Petals

3&6 petals

Phylum Magnoliophyta

All Angiosperms

Sporophyte Generation Dominant

Double Fertilization

the fertilization process characteristic of flowering plants, in which one sperm cell of a pollen grain fertilizes an egg cell while a second fuses with two polar nuclei to produce a triploid body that gives rise to the endosperm

Meristematic Tissue

growth tissue, located in stems and roots of plants

Ground Tissue

plant cells tissues that are neither dermal or vascular: 3 types

Parenchyma Tissue

photosynthesis, storage, support, movement of water and food

Collenchyma Tissue

support young plants, leaves and flowers. Makes up the strings in celery.

Sclerenchyma Tissue

provide support for the plant. Dead at maturity.

Epidermis

the outermost layer of cells in plant structures. Helps prevent water loss and protects plant from pathogens.

Symbiosis

a close long-term relationship between two or more species

Mutualism

relationship between two species, where both organisms benefits

Commensalism

relationship between two species, where one species benefits and one is not impacted

Parasitism

relationship between two species, where one species benefits and the other is harmed

Apical Mertistem

growth tissue at the tip of roots and stems that causes them to increase in length

Eudicot and Dicot roots

-the xylem is star-shaped with several radiating arms

-The phloem is located between the radiating arms.

Monocot Roots

-ground tissue

-pith

Vascular tissue is located in bundles in a ring surrounding the pith, with the xylem oriented exteriorly and the phloem oriented interiorly.

Eudicot and Dicot Stems

Monocot Stem

Eudicot and Dicot Leaves

branching veins

Monocot Leaves

parallel veins

Mesophyll

The tissues of a leaf that are located in between the layers of epidermis and carry on photosynthesis, consisting of the palisade layer and the spongy parenchyma - photosynthesis takes place in the palisade layer

Hyphae

numerous small filaments that make up the body of a mushroom

Mycelium

hyphae that's been grouped into a mass

Rhizoid

modified hyphae that anchor the fungi to a substrate

Gametangia

the area of the hyphae where the gametes are produced

Phylum Chytridiomycota

-Unicellular organisms

-Cell walls are composed of chitin

-They display flagellated spores and gametes

-Chytrids cause a fungal infection called chytridiomycosis in amphibians

Phylum Zygomycota

Rhizopus stolonifer (the common black bread mold) contains three types of hyphae:

-rhizoid

-stolons

-sporangiophores

reproduce by cojugation

Phylum Ascomycota

These fungi are commonly found in symbiotic conditions with green algae forming lichens

ex. Peziza apothecium, Morchella, Penicillium, and Aspergillus , yeast species: Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Phylum Glomeromycota

Fungi known as mycorrhizae that live in a mutualistic relationship primarily on the roots of terrestrial plants

Phylum Basidiomycota

Fungi in this phylum include mushrooms, puffballs, rusts, and stinkhorns, and earth stars

Crustose

brightly colored patches of crust on rock or tree bark

Foliose

have a leaf-like thalli that overlap, forming a scaly lobed body

Capsella Mature Embyros

2 cotyledon

Capsella Embryo

heart-ish shaped

Pinus Ovulate Cone

Pinus Ovule Mature

Mixed Pollen