A&P Lab 2 Quiz

cells are enclosed in a — called the plasma membrane. The membrane must be —— to allow fluid/particles to transport in and out of the cell

phospholipid bilayer

semi-permeable

a cell is selective in what components are allowed to pass though the membrane which makes it —- This involves allowing valuable nutrients to enter and waste to exit to the extracellular fluid. it also has the ability to select against undesirable substances and prevent their entrance to the cell. this transport occurs in two ways — & —

semi-permeable/selectively permeable

active transport

passive transport

active transport

energy is required - ATP is used as energy for transport to occur

goes against concentration gradient meaning low concentration —> high concentration (chemical/electrical) (Na+/K+ Pump is a classic example - 321NOKIA)

passive transport

no energy is required - however movement is facilitated by concentration or pressure gradients. solute moves down/along concentration gradient

passive transport - filtration

occurs across capillary walls due to pressure gradients

passive transport - diffusion

the movement of molecules from and area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration & the goal is to achieve equilibrium & that is to say that there is no net energy movement (solutes move in opposite directions at different rates). occurs fastest when concentration gradient is larger, temperature is greater and molecules are smaller

types of diffusion

simple diffusion

facilitated diffusion

dialysis

osmosis

simple diffusion

passage of nonpolar and lipid-soluble particles (ex. O2, CO2, fat soluble vitamins, & alcohol) can passage b/c small particles can cross via pores in the cell membrane

facilitated diffusion

molecules bind to protein carrier molecules in plasma membrane or pass through protein carrier molecules that are embedded in the plasma membrane. glucose, simple sugars, and large molecules pass this way. the limitation of facilitated diffusion is that cells contain a finite number of carrier proteins which leads to saturation (meaning there is a maximum rate of transport)

dialysis

diffusion of water and solutes through membranes

osmosis

diffusion of water through membranes; solute movement is blocked

principle of osmotic drag

water will follow solute

isotonic solution

has the same concentration of solute both in and out of the cell thus there is NO net movement

hypertonic solution

HYPER - greater than

solution surrounding cell has greater (solute) than the cell (if surrounding environment is hypertonic then the cell is hypotonic)

water will flow to area of greater solute concentration so it will flow OUT OF THE CELL MEMBRANE making the cell SHRINK

the cell shrinking is called CRENATION

hypotonic solution

HYPO - less than

surrounding solution contains less (solute) than the cell meaning the cell is hypertonic

water will flow INTO THE CELL which is an area of greater concentration

cell will SWELL and BURSE (LYSE)

4 primary tissues

nervous

connective

epithelial

muscle

epithelial tissue

covers surfaces, glands, & lines body cavities

serve as protection and aids in absorption & filtration

characteristics of epithelial tissue

cellularity - cells are packed closely together

specialized contacts - adjacent cells are bound together by tight junctions and desmosomes to form sheets

polarity - cell have an apical surface (free surface - points outward) and basal surface (attached bottom layer)

support - supported by connective tissue deep (below) to basement membrane

innervated BUT avascular - has a nerve supply but no blood vessels within the tissue

regeneration - dead/lost cells are replaced rapidly via mitosis

can be described via cell shape & number of layers

epithelial tissues - number of layers

simple - one layer

stratified - multilayer/layered

epithelial tissues - cell shape

squamous - flattened and scale-like

cuboidal - square and cube-like

columnar - column shaped (taller than wide)

pseudostratified columnar - is actually simple columnar but position of nuclei and heigh of cells vary making it seem multilayered

transitional epithelium - a group of stratified squamous cells that appear plump (when not stretched) and grow over each other and have the ability to stretch

epithelial tissues - simple squamous epithelium (location & function)

location - air sacs of lungs and the lining of the heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels

function - allows materials to pass through by diffusion and filtration, and secretes lubricating substance

epithelial tissues - simple cuboidal epithelium (location & function)

location - in ducts and secretory portions of small glands and in kidney tubules

function - secretes and absorbs

epithelial tissues - simple columnar epithelium (location & function)

location - ciliated tissues are in bronchi, uterine tubes, and uterus; smooth (nonciliated tissues) are in the digestive tract and bladder

function - absorbs and secretes mucous and enzymes

epithelial tissues - pseudostratified columnar epithelium (location & function)

location - ciliated tissue lines the trachea and much of the upper respiratory tract

function - secretes mucus; ciliated tissue moves mucus

epithelial tissues - stratified squamous epithelium (location & function)

location - lines the esophagus, mouth, and vagina

function - protects against abrasion

epithelial tissues - transitional epithelium (location & function)

location - lines the bladder, uretha, and the ureters

function - allows urinary organs to expand and stretch

connective tissues

found in all regions of the body

function is to protect/support/hold together tissues of the body

all CT arises from embryonic tissue called the MESENCHYME

5 types of connective tissue

proper loose

proper dense

cartilage

bone

blood

loose connective tissue & types

not a lot of cells

areolar

adipose

reticular

areolar loose connective tissue

cushions and protects organs

very fibrous

found under body epithelia

adipose loose connective tissue

fat tissue that insulates organs

cells look like ‘chicken wire’ with nucleus pushed to periphery by large fat droplet

reticular loose connective tissue

network of fibers on which reticular cells lie

found in lymphoid organs

dense connective tissue & types

more cells

dense irregular

dense regular

elastic

dense irregular connective tissue

irregularly arranged collagen fibers

cells are fibroblasts

found in skin, GI, and fibrous joint capsules

dense regular connective tissue

parallel collagen fibers

cells are fibroblasts

found in ligaments (bone to bone), tendons (muscle to bone), and aponeuroses (muscle to muscle)

elastic dense connective tissue

high amounts of elastin fibers

found in trachea, bronchi, and walls of aorta

cartilage connective tissue types

hyaline

elastic

fibrocartilage

hyaline cartilage connective tissue

articular - ends of long bones

costal - connects ribs to sternum

elastic cartilage connective tissue

ear (helix)

epiglottis

fibrocartilage connective tissue

discs between vertebrae in spine

act as shock absorbers

pubic symphysis

bone connective tissue

osseous tissue (cells are osteocytes)

nonliving matrix is calcified

vascular and innervated

have lacunae (holds the osteocytes - dark spots on slide)

blood connective tissue

red and white blood cells in a watery fluid matrix

replenished frequently

used for transport within blood vessels

muscle tissue

highly cellular & well-vascularized

able to contact - via the myofilaments called actin and myosin

responsible for body movement

consists of three main types:

• skeletal muscle

• cardiac muscle

• smooth muscle

skeletal muscle

attached to skeleton

long, cylindrical multi-nucleated (nuclei on the periphery of the cell)

has striations (bands) of my myofilament

under voluntary control (one exception is the diaphragm which has only partial voluntary control)

cardiac muscle

found only in heart

contractions act like a pump to propel blood

uninucleated

cells branch out

cell junctions have intercalated discs which allow all cells to function and contract as a single unit (called FUNCTIONAL SYNCITIA)

has striations (like skeletal muscle)

under involuntary control (SA and NA nodes and vagus nerve)

smooth muscle

small spindle-shaped cells

called visceral muscle; found in walls and linings of organs

uninucleated in center of cell

NO striations

under involuntary control

nervous tissue

regulates and controls body function

composed of 2 major cell types:

• neuroglia (glial cells)

• neurons

neuroglia (glial cells)

supporting cells that surround, protect, and insulate neurons

non-conducting cells

in CNS cell types are microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes (make myelin sheaths)

in PNS cell types of satellite cells and Schwann cells (make myelin sheaths)

neurons

high specialized cells that upon stimulation can conduct impulses

impulses move via depolarization of plasma membrane by ion channels

defining characteristics unlike other cell types:

• dendrites - receive impulse from previous neuron

• axons - send impulse to next neuron

communicate in 2 ways:

• electrical - intracellular (within cell) & uses iron to send impulse down the cell

• chemical - intercellular (between cells) & uses a chemical messenger (neuotransmitter) to send impulse to next cell

which major tissue lines the thoracic cavity

epithelial tissue

which tissue type is most abundant in the body

connective tissue

which epithelium most likely lines the esophagus

stratified squamous epithelium

which of of the following is not a connective tissue

all of the above are CT (bone, blood, cartilage, adipose)

"Which type of muscle tissue is striated and made of long, cylindrical cells that contain multiple nuclei?"

skeletal muscle

Some of the cells belonging to this major tissue classification are the largest cells in the body.

nervous tissue

“This type of tissue is composed of relatively few, specialized cells which are embedded in an extracelluar matrix, or framework supporting the cells"

connective tissue

Nervous tissue is only found in the brain and the spinal cord.

false

Small blood vessels called capillaries run through epithelial tissue and provide the tissue with oxygen and nutrients and carry waste products away.

false

"Which tissue type is most likely to be found in the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), one of the ligaments suporting the knee joint?"

dense connective tissue

Which of the following tissues is best suited to form the lining of the stomach?

simple columnar

The only function of adipose tissue is to store excess energy for later use

false

Only cardiac muscle tissue contains intercalated discs.

false

Which tissues can be found in the finger?

all 4 tissue types (connective, epithelial, muscle, nervous)

this tissue forms the urine producing kidney tubules

simple cuboidal epithelium

simple squamous epithelium

simple cuboidal epithelium

simple columnar epithelium

stratified squamous epithelium

transitional epithelium

pseudostratifed ciliated columnar epithelium

areolar connective tissue

adipose tissue

dense connective tissue

hyaline cartilage

fibrocartilage

elastic cartilage

blood connective tissue

skeletal muscle tissue

smooth muscle tissue

cardiac muscle tissue

nerve tissue

bone connective tissue