Module 2 Workbook

antrum (follicular)

the portion of an ovarian follicle filled with liquor folliculi

theca interna

• a vascular ovarian layer characterized by polyhedral cells that secrete estrogen

• the cells are developed from stromal cells which produce steroid hormones

positive feedback loop

steps taken to increase concentration when a level is too low

luteinization

the transformation of the mature ovarian follicle into a corpus luteum

corpus luteum

• formed in the ovary when a follicle has matured and released its egg (ovum) after ovulation

• produces progesterone

progesterone

a steroid hormone produced by the corpus luteum, whose function is to prepare and maintain the endometrium for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum

amenorrhea

absence of menstruation

gonadotropic protein

hormones secreted by the gonadotrope cells of the pituitary gland

retroverted

a uterus tilted posterior towards the rectum

estrogen

general term for female steroid sex hormones secreted by the ovary and responsible for female sexual characteristics

menorrhagia

abnormally heavy or prolonged menstruation

negative feedback

when concentration of a hormone rises above a certain level, a series of actions take place within a system to cause the concentration to fall

dysmenorrhea

painful menstruation

oligomenorrhea

abnormally light or infrequent menstruation

suspensory (infundibulopelvic) ligament

a peritoneum ligament extending upward from the upper pole of the ovary

theca externa

an outer layer of a mature follicle containing spindle-shaped cells that are incapable of hormone production

cardinal ligament

• the ligament that attaches to the uterus at the level of the cervix and from the superior part of the vagina to the lateral walls of the pelvis

• provides support to the uterus

endocrine system

a system of gland and cells that produce hormones released directly in the circulatory system

anteverted

forward-tipped uterus with the cervix and vaginal canal forming a 90-degree angle or less

mesometrium

• the mesentery of the uterus

• constitutes the majority of the broad ligament

gonadotrope cell

• endocrine cells located in the anterior pituitary that produce the gonadotropins

• ex. FSH and luteinizing hormone

rectouterine recess (pouch)

• area in the pelvic cavity between the rectum and the uterus that is likely to accumulate free fluid

• aka pouch of Douglas & posterior cul-de-sac

anteflexed

uterus angled forward toward the cervix

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

hormone produced by the anterior pituitary, which stimulates ovarian follicle production in females and sperm production in males

retroflexed

a backward angle of the uterine fundus in relation to the cervix

Graafian follicle

a mature, fully developed ovarian follicle cyst containing the ripe ovum

perimetrium

outer serosal layer of the uterus, equivalent to peritoneum

broad ligament

• the ligament with a peritoneal fold that also supports the fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina

• connects the sides of the uterus to the walls and floors of the pelvis

polymenorrhea

frequent irregular periods

androgen

male hormones produced in small quantities by the female ovaries and adrenal glands, with the greatest quantities occuring at the midpoint of a woman’s menstrual cycle

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

regulates the release of FSH and LH by gonadotropes from the anterior pituitary

serometrium

what is not a uterine layer?

fertilized ovum arrival

changes in the endometrium, which constitutes the menstrual cycle, are preparation for:

the ovarian and uterine cycles, the hormonal changes that regulate them, and related cyclical changes in the breasts and cervix

female reproductive cycle is defined as:

decreasing levels of progesterone

endometrial sloughing is caused by:

the infundibulum is the distal funnel-shaped portion of the fallopian tube

which statement correctly describes fallopian tube anatomy?

5 × 3 × 1.5 cm

normal ovaries are oval shaped and measure approximately:

cervix

the lowest portion of the uterus is the:

CCK

endocrine hormones secreted by the hypothalamus control reproductive events. Choose which is not related to the female cycle:

hypothalamus

designate the cranial structure that is essential for survival and reproduction:

women who have started menstruation then had an absence of their menses for three cycles or 6 months

secondary amenorrhea is described as:

anovulation

PCOS is related to _______________

absence of menstruation

amenorrhea is:

maintenance of ovarian volume

hormone replacement therapy may cause:

begins after ovulation

the luteal phase:

progression of the menstrual cycle

choose the function that FSH is not involved with:

estrogen

_______________ is the female chemical responsible for thickening the endometrium

ripening of the Graafian follicle

a sharp rise in LH, known as “LH surge,” is responsible for:

at puberty

theca cells begin secreting estrogen:

300,000

the number of oocytes in each ovary at puberty is approximately:

a menstrual cycle length that is less than 21 days

polymenorrheic is:

homogenous echotexture

changes in endometrial thickness are not associated with:

on views in two orthogonal planes and three dimensions: length, width, and depth

ovarian measurements are determined:

mid to late proliferative

what phase of the menstrual cycle do follicles become dominant?

5 to 11 mm

during the late proliferative phase, the endometrium thickens to approximately:

late proliferative

the triple line (three line sign) indicates the ____________ stage

menstrual cessation

amenorrhea is:

vaginal bleeding

ultrasound is ordered in the postmenopausal patient most often for:

echogenic

a thin layer separates the basal layer and the inner functional layer. The thin layer is:

echogenic with posterior enhancement

a 9 to 14 mm endometrium in the secretory phase appears:

corpora albicantia

fibrous tissue that replaces the corpus luteum

true pelvis

• aka lesser or minor pelvis

• portion of the pelvic cavity inferior and posterior to the pelvic brim

follicular atresia

degeneration and reabsorption of the follicle before maturity

serosa

serous membrane enclosing an organ that often excretes lubricating serous fluid

iliopsoas muscle

combination of the psoas major, psoas minor, and iliacus muscles

linea terminalis

• aka innominate line

• line drawn from the pubic crest to the arcuate line dividing the true and false pelvis

anterior cul-de-sac

• aka vesicouterine recess

• potential space between the uterus and bladder

hypertrophy

increase in size

fundus

latin anatomical term referring to the portion of an organ opposite from its opening

space of Retzius

• aka peritoneal space

• space between pubic symphysis and urinary bladder

contralateral

on the opposite side

orthogonal

at right angles (perpendicular)

iliopectineal line

• aka pelvic brim or linea terminalis

• inner surface of the pubic and ilium bones contains a bony ridge that serves as the line dividing the true and false pelvis

false pelvis

• aka greater or major pelvis

• area superior to and anterior to the pelvic brim

ipsilateral

on the same side

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

• hormone that stimulates growth and maturation of the ovarian Graafian follicle

• secreted by the anterior pituitary gland

EVS

choose the sonographic method that uses higher frequency transducers and markedly increases resolution of most pelvic structures

ovaries

choose the normal anatomic structure that EV imaging can easily identify:

coccyx, sacrum, two innominate bones

what bones comprise the pelvic skeleton?

ovoid shape

the rectus muscle is seen mostly in the lower abdomen in a(n):

hook with bulbous medial limb

the cross-sectional shape of the iliopsoas muscle appears on ultrasound as:

between the urinary bladder and symphysis pubis

the space of Retzius (preperitoneal space) is located:

wall reverberation

it is not uncommon to see anterior artifact echoes in the urinary bladder. They are:

hypoechoic

on sonograms, the muscular walls of the vagina produce a moderately ______________ pattern typical of smooth muscle

fundus, corpus, isthmus, and cervix

which of the following describes the uterine segments?

corpus

what is the largest portion of the uterus?

serosal (perimetrium)

the uterine layer not seen with ultrasound is:

appear cylindrical

a uterus in a female infant would:

Nabothian cysts

cysts of the cervix are caused by occluded cervical glands and known as:

8 cm

the length of the adult nulliparous uterus is approximately:

2.5 to 3.5 cm in length and 2.5 cm in width

on ultrasound, the cervix visualizes as a cylinder-like structure measuring from:

mid-cycle pain often associated with ovulation

mittelschmerz is:

uterine artery

one branch of the internal iliac artery is of importance to sonographers because it is accessible to Doppler evaluation using an endovaginal approach. It is the:

pelvic varices

venous congestion appears as:

simple cysts

echogenic ovarian foci may indicate the presence of all except:

echogenic

fat or smooth muscles are more _____________ than the skeletal muscles.

pulsatility index

Doppler measurement that uses peak systole minus peak diastole divided by the mean

ovarian vessels

blood vessels that supply oxygenated blood to and drain deoxygenated blood away from the ovaries

arteriovenous malformation

abnormal connection between veins and arteries

impedance indices

measurements used to compare the resistance of a medium to the propagation of flow