Unit 3- Developmental Psychology

nature vs nurture

the debate about whether human traits and behaviors are shaped more by genetics and inherited characteristics or by environmental factors and life experiences

continuity vs stages

views human development as a gradual, steady process of small, cumulative changes, while the stages view sees development as occurring in distinct, separate phases marked by significant shifts in abilities and thinking.

stability vs. change

refers to characteristics that remain consistent over time, while change refers to traits that evolve

cross sectional

many cohort samples

longitudinal research

focuses on one cohort sample

conception

the moment when a sperm cell fertilizes an egg cell, marking the beginning of pregnancy

zygote

fertilized egg ( 2 weeks )

embryo

3-8 weeks “critical period”

fetus

9 weeks to birth

teratogens

harmful chemicals or environmental agents ingested or contracted by mother that could affect the fetus

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome ( FAS)

when the mother drinks alcohol during the pregnancy daily

rooting

root for nipple when face is touched

sucking

baby sucks on anything that goes into its mouth

grasping 

grasp on objects that is placed in their hand 

moro

when scared they flail their limbs out

babinski

when foot is stroked, toes spread

Tabula rasa

blank state ( which is not true ) 

Jean Piaget

Cognitive

rule of thumb

the environment the mother is exposed to during her preganancy

schemas

rule of thumb of understanding

assimilation

• Support

• Strenghten

accommodation

• contradict

• change schema

sensiormotor

• age: 0-2

• benchmark: stranger anxiety and object permanence

Pre op

• Age: 3 to 5

• benchmark: pretend play, language explodes, and egorentrism

Concrete op

• age: 5 to 11

• Benchmark: knowns the objective of right and wrong

Formal op

• age: 11 to 14

• Benchmark: moral, hypothetical

Piaget cristicm

• underestimated kids

• People said his stages was more gradual and continuous

Attachment

The quality relationship between the baby and the mother or care giver

Stranger anxiety

Infants become fearful or upset when near an unfamiliar person

Harry Harlow

Raised 2 baby monkeys with 2 wired monkeys (robots)

Critical period

The opportunity window for kids to learn a new skill

Imprinting

Copying

Secure

2/3

Avoidant

Irrelevant

Anxious ambivalent

Inconsistent parenting

Permissive

• No rules

• Wants to be the cool parent

Authoritarian

• very strict

• A lot of rules

• By the book

• “ because I said so” mentality

Authoritative

• few rules

• Want respect

• Let you have your own independence

Kohlberg

Moral

Pre conventional

If you do something good you get A good consequence but if you do something bad you get a bad consequence

Conventional

Follow the crowd mentality

Post conventional

You don't follow the crowd you trust your gut

Kohlberg criticism

Only studied boys

Gender difference - girls

More social and making connections

Gender difference - boys

Very competitive and independent

Sigmund Freud

Psychosexual

Fixation

Problems later in life you get from earlier issues

Oral

Mouth ( teething ) ( 0-18 months )

Anal

Potty training ( 18-36 months )

Phallic

Realize gender

Male phallic

Oedipus

Female phallic

Electra complex

Latency

The calm before the storm

Erik Erickson

Psychosocial

Genital

Puberty- cross gender relationship

Stage 1- trust vs. Mistrust ( attachment )

• age 0 to 1

• Conflict: if an infant doesn’t have this stage, the infant will develop mistrust towards people and things in their environment

Stage 2- Toddler

Independence vs shame

• age: 1 to 2

• Conflict: have too much doubt if parents are overprotective

Stage 3- early childhood

Initiative vs guilt

• age: 2 to 6

• Conflict: develop a since of guilt

Stage 4- elementary and middle school

Industry vs inferiority

• age: 6 to 12

• Conflict: they will develop a since of infertity

Stage 5- Adolescence

Identity vs role confusion

• age: 12 to 18

• Conflict: adolescent will turn into confusion

Stage 6- young adulthood

Intimacy vs Isolation

• age: 19 to 40

• Conflict: Will fear commitment

Stage 7: middle adulthood

Generativity vs Stagnation

• Age: 40 to 65

• Conflict: person will remain self-centered and selfish

Stage 8- Late Adulthood

Integrity vs Despair important

• age: 65 or death

• Conflict: will fear of death and won’t focus on life their in right now

Old people with dementia

Mainly had Alzheimer’s

Parkinson’s Disease

• a degenerative disorder of the central nervous system

• Results in impairment in motor skills, speech, and other functions

• Tardive dyskinesia

Death& Dying

Elizabeth Kubler Ross

Grief Stages ( DABDA)

1) Denial

2) Anger

3) Bargaining

4) Depression

5) Acceptance