BIOSTAT LESSON 3 (copy)

Textual presentation

refers to a method of presenting the data which uses statements with few numbers in order to describe the data, purposely to get attention to some significant data

Tabular presentation

refers to a method of presenting data consisting of columns and rows

Tabular presentation

data should never put in a table if it can be described efficiently in one one or two sentences

Tabular presentation

when used alongside with textual form. the discussion must comes either before or after the table

One way table (2 columns)

used to display the distribution of a categorical variable for a sample of individuals

Two way table (more than 2 columns)

a table that displays two categories of data collected from the same source

Three way table (3 columns above)

a table summarizing the results of three categorical variables

Table number

refers to the relative position of the table within a series. it is place on the same line as the opening of the title, seperated from the title proper by a period

Table number

tables should be numbered in continuous Arabic numerals beginning with 1

Table number

numbers should be omitted for single table

Table title

refers to a brief statement about the table presented. all beginning letters of the words in the title must be capitalized and the rest are in lower case

Table title

it should be concise and the key variable must be shown in the table

Table title

it should never be more than two lines

Column spanner

the heading in the table that sits above two or more columns to indicate a certain classification or grouping of the data in those columns

Column Stub

the column is the

Stubhead

refers to the heading in the table that is placed above the leftmost column

Stub

the data that follow the stub column are known as

Column head

all other column headings are simply referred as

Body

the main part of the table, which contains the quantitative information

Body

it is the actual data in a table occupying the columns

Raw data

collected data at random

Raw data

it is a data in its original form

Array

arrangement of observation in a given data according to their magnitude from highest to lowest or lowest to highest

H-L/N

interval formula

Frequently distribution

refers to the number of observation that fall within a certain range of the data

Class interval (highest to lowest)

a grouping defining a class

Class limits

end of class numbers

Lower limits

lowest/the smaller number

Upper limits

highest/the large number

Class boundaries

are the numbers used to seperate

Class boundaries

classes but without the gaps created by class limits

Lower class boundaries (left)

-0.5

Upper class boundaries (right)

+0.5

Class mark (midpoint)

the number in the middle of the class interval

Class mark (midpoint)

it is found by adding the upper and lower limits and dividing by 2

Histogram (class boundaries)

a bar graph depicting a frequency distribution

Frequency polygon (line graph)

another method of graphing frequency distribution

Frequency polygon (line graph)

it is constructed by joining with straight lines a series of points which are the class marks (or midpoints) of the classes as against their corresponding frequencies

Dividers

lines that frame the top and bottom of the table or mark the different parts of the table

Dividers

they are often used for division or emphasis within the body of a table

Foot note

any statement or note inserted at the foot or bottom of the table

Source note

refers to the specific source of the statistics

Source note

this is placed beneath the foot note

Source Note

it is introduced by the word “source”

Bar graph

graph consisting of bars of the same sizes, which are drawn vertically or horizontally for the purpose of comparing values of each other

Pie chart

graph used to show how a whole is divided into its components parts

Circle graph

pie chart is sometimes called as the

100%

the sum part of the whole pie chart should be

Component bar

graph made of bar representing the whole which is further divided into a smaller rectangles representing the parts

Line graph

graph used for displaying data that changes continuously over time

Cumulative frequency

is the accumulated frequencies of the distribution when numbers of observation that lies below or above a certain class boundary are to be determined

Ogive

graph that represents the cumulative frequencies of the classes

Less than ogive

slants upward from thebottom left to the upper right

Greater than ogive

slants downward from the upper left to the lower right.