AP European History Flashcards

Flashcards of key vocabulary from AP European History Lecture Notes: Renaissance to Global Conflicts

Renaissance

A European movement that grew out of the rediscovery of classical texts of Ancient Greece and Rome.

Petrarch

Considered "The Father of the Renaissance" because he developed the framework of the movement, Humanism.

Humanism

Focused on the unlimited potential of human beings as an end in themselves.

Philology

The study of the history and development of languages.

Secularism

Separation of religion and state.

Individualism

Individuality over the community.

Civic Humanism

The application of humanism to the public sphere, where a person’s work that shaped their minds should be applied to the politics and economy of a state.

The Courtier

Guiding young men on how to behave in society through humanistic disciplines, including being physically strong and mentally awake.

The New Cicero

Argued that intellectual men used their education for the state.

The Prince

Said to maintain power at all costs.

Naturalism

Realistic and flat depictions.

Leonardo da Vinci

Exemplified geometric perspective with his painting "The Last Supper".

Michelangelo

Exemplified the idea of a perfected humanity with his "David" sculpture.

Raphael

Exemplified classical themes with certain figures and geometric perspective with his painting, "The School of Athens".

Printing Press

Allowed the Italian Renaissance to spread to the North of the European continent.

Christian Humanism

Blending of Christianity and humanism.

Christian Humanism

Taught that humans were more capable of reforming society through religious enthusiasm.

In Praise of Folly

A satire that undermined social, political, and religious corruption within institutions and hierarchies.

Johannes Gutenberg

Created the printing press that used movable type instead of written books.

Gutenberg Bible

One of the first major books published in 1465.

Vernacular

Language of the people, including English, German, French, and Italian.

Top-down religious reform

Reform led by rulers or elites (not the people).

Treason Act

Made it a crime not to recognize the Church of England as the official state church.

Act of Uniformity

Made English people attend Anglican church services once a week or pay a fine.

Concordat of Bologna (1516)

Allowed Francis I to appoint church officials, while Pope Leo the 10th received income from the Church.

The Peace of Augsburg (1555)

Gave princes of the territories in the Holy Roman Empire the right to decide if their subjects were Catholic or Lutheran.

Secular state

A state where the Church has LITTLE TO NO POLITICAL influence.

Republicanism

Championed elected representatives and consent of the governed.

Absolute Monarchy

Championed absolute monarchy and divine right.

Mercantilism

An economic system that aimed to increase national wealth by building up gold and silver reserves by "favorable balance of trade”.

Bartolome de las Casas

Advocated for the indigenous, but not the enslaved.

Maritime empires

Sea-based empires.

Cartography

Mapmaking.

Portugal

Trading ports aka a TRADING POST EMPIRE.

Treaty of Tordesillas

Drew the Line of Demarcation that gave Spain east of the line and Portugal west of the line.

Columbian Exchange

The global transfer of goods, plants, animals, cultural practices, and disease between the Old World and the New World as a result of European imperialism.

Spanish Encomienda system

A labor system that granted the labor of local populations in exchange for providing them with protection, education, and conversion to Christianity.

Cash Crops

One or two profitable crops were grown.

Middle Passage

The brutal journey and horrendous conditions for transporting enslaved Africans to the Americas.

Money

Europe shifted from a trading economy to a economy, where goods/services/wages were paid with money instead of trading.

The Dutch East India Company

Was a joint stock company, a private company rather than a state-sponsored company where private investors shared risk and REWARD.

The Price Revolution

A phenomenon that caused PRICES TO RISE.

Enclosure Movement

Marks the shift from communal farming to private, profit-driven agriculture, as common lands were fenced off (enclosed) by landowners to create larger, private farms.

Nobles of the Robe

Didn’t have BLOOD NOBILITY but could AFFORD TO BUY THEIR WAY INTO nobility.

Simony

buying and selling of Church offices.

Indulgences

Allowed you to spend less time in purgatory (CATHOLIC DOCTRINE), which is where you went straight after death (not straight to heaven or hell).

Salvation

Being rescued or freed from sin.

Priesthood of All Believers

All people are priests and have equal access to God, and they don’t need clergy.

Sola Scriptura

Bible is the ultimate authority in matters of faith and doctrine.

Worms

The Edict of declared Luther an outlaw and banned his writing.

Elect

The _ was who was going to be saved no matter what, and would never lose salvation.

Calvinism

A theocracy aka the Bible was the rule of law.

Anabaptists

Denied the idea of infant baptism and thought that BAPTISM was for ADULTS.

Calvinists

Puritans were in thought.

Protestants in France

Were Calvinists/Huguenots.

Calvinist Henry of Navarre/Henry the 4th

Religious tension seemed to be solved by the marriage of a Catholic sister of Charles the 9th and _.

Massacre of Vassy (1562)

The killing of the Huguenots.

Guise family, Catherine de Medici, Charles the 9th's decision

Instituted a mass 3-day killing spree of Huguenots by Catholics.

Edict of Nantes

Religious wars in France ended by his accession, but Henry of Navarre implemented religious toleration.

William of Orange

Opposed Philip the 2nd through DUTCH REBELLION and fought, saying they WERE INDEPENDENT OF SPANISH RULE.

30 Years War

A localized war in Bohemia between the Lutherans and the Catholics.

Prague

Defenestration of started up war when Calvanists threw Ferdinand’s men out of window as DEFIANCE.

Jesuit

Order (men) formed by Ignatius of Loyola.

Jesuits

Men educated Catholics away from Protestants.

Roman Inquistion

Rooted out heretics within the Church, often through violent means.

Ursulines

Order were women with the same purpose.

PERMANENT

Split OF CATHOLICS AND PROTESTANTS WERE .

Vocation

A life work/missions.

Charivari

Public shame parade.

Mannerism

Used distorted figures and violated rules of proportion to express intense suffering and emotion.

Mannerism

Intense spiritual experience.

Baroque artists

Worked to merge classical ideals of Renaissance art with religious affections of the age.

Monarchs

Had to share power with Parliament.

Divine Right

God had granted authority to the King, and to challenge the king was to challenge God.

Anglican Church

Wanted to be “purified” from Catholic practices by the Puritans.

Charles the 1st

Absolute monarchy.

France, Russia, Austria, and Prussia.

Absolutist monarchies.

Oliver Cromwell

Led the Parliament into victory.

The Protectorate

Gave legislative authority to the remaining members of Parliament and an executive authority to a council.

Mary and William of Orange

Offered the throne (aka Glorious Revolution), and the idea of the divine right of kings was put to an end.

Mary and William of Orange

Constrained by the English Bill of Rights, which limited royal power and affirmed the rights of Parliament.

British and Dutch farming

Alternated between soil-nutrient crops and non-nutrient crops.

Cottage Industry

Made goods for sale in YOUR LITTLE COTTAGE!

Putting-Out System

Merchant capitalists give raw materials, rural workers make goods, capitalists sell goods, and rural workers get money.

Market/Free Market Economy

Production and prices = competition between privately owned businesses.

Mercantilism

STATE-DRIVEN economic system emphasizing mineral wealth by a favorable balance of trade.

Mercantilism

Driven by the constant expansion of the empire and robust trade.

Netherlands

NO MONARCHY and REPUBLIC.

Balance of Power

Replaced religious dogma as the primary driver of international relations.

Absolutism

Transferred away from the nobility and the church and toward the monarchy.

Weimar Government

Could not address economic problems, so Germany was ripe for Adolf Hitler..

Rationalism

Everything in human life should apply the process of reason.

John Locke

Theorized natural rights: Locke asserted in his Second Treatise on Civil Government that all humans are born with rights to life, liberty, and property.

Social Contract

People collectively empower governments to protect their rights.

Deism

God to created the universe but did not interfere in human affairs.

Skepticism

Knowledge comes through our physical senses and experiences, so can human reasoning truly comprehend the existence of God?

DEATH

Population rates went up because of a decline in rate.

Changes in Food Supply

Clover could rejuvinate fields faster and would lead to more livestock/animals = more meat.

The Consumer Revolution

Want > need. Goods were becoming more affordable.

A Revolution in the Arts

Religious themes and royal power TO private life and public good.