IV Fluid Therapy Part 4

Vocabulary flashcards covering IV catheterization sites, shock dosages, maintenance fluid calculations, and monitoring parameters for small animals based on the lecture transcript.

Peripheral IV catheter sites

The cephalic, saphenous, and pedal veins (v.).

Central IV catheter (IVC) location

A catheter with the distal tip located in the cranial or caudal vena cava.

Intraosseous (IO) catheter sites

Commonly the proximal humerus or proximal femur; do not place in or distal to fractured bones.

Jamshidi needles

Needles used for intraosseous catheter placement in adult patients.

Shock dose (Dogs)

$$90\,ml/kg$$

Shock dose (Cats)

$$60\,ml/kg$$

Most commonly used vessel for IVC

The cephalic vein.

Dehydration deficit formula

$$L \text{ of fluid} = \% \text{dehydration} \times \text{body wt in kg} \times 0.6$$

Shock treatment goals

1 - Resuscitate intravascular compartment

2- avoid edema

3- augment preload without taxing the heart

4- reduce clot dislodgement.

Fluid challenge

The administration of small aliquots ($2 - 10\,ml/kg$) over approximately $15 \text{ minutes}$, with parameters rechecked at the end of the bolus.

Maintenance fluid rate for Dogs

$60\,ml/kg/d$ (standard), or formulas such as $132 \times (kg)^{0.75}$ or $30 \times (kg + 70)$.

Maintenance fluid rate for Cats

$40\,ml/kg/d$ (standard), or formulas such as $80 \times (kg)^{0.75}$ or $30 \times (kg + 70)$.

Obligate diuresis conditions

Conditions like diabetes mellitus, Cushing Dz, and renal Dz where maintenance needs are higher than in healthy patients.

Lactometers

Inexpensive devices used to assess shock and microvascular perfusion.

Volume responsiveness

Indicated by an improved heart rate (HR) and/or blood pressure (BP) immediately after a fluid bolus when treating shock.

PCV/TS (Packed Cell Volume/Total Solids)

Bloodwork parameters used to assess hydration by looking for alleviation in hemoconcentration; not helpful for assessing shock.

Normal Lactate level

$< 2.0\,mmol/dL$, which indicates adequate perfusion.

Lactate "washout"

A phenomenon where hyperlactatemia temporarily worsens at the first recheck because lactate moves from ischemic tissues into circulation as they are reperfused.

Warburg effect

Paraneoplastic hyperlactatemia associated with altered carbohydrate metabolism in some cancer patients.

USG (Urine Specific Gravity) confounders

Factors that skew USG results, including obligate diuresis, steroids, diuretics, and synthetic colloids.

Insensible (non-urinary) losses

Fluid lost through respiration, wounds, feces, and other routes, estimated at $20 - 25\,mL/kg/d$.

Fluid overload monitoring

The practice of weighing the patient every $6 - 8\,h$ to catch excess fluid accumulation early.