Earth science

Science

systemized body of knowledge that are facts, gained through experimentation or observation to explain natural events or phenomena

Social Science

Behavior of a human

Natural Science

Physical, biological, earth science

Physical Science

Study of non-living aspects (matter, energy)

Biological Science

Study of living aspects (environment). Examples are zoology, botany, etc.

Earth Science

Study of the Earth and the processes

Branches of Earth Science

Geology, oceanography, meteorology, astronomy

Religion/Creationism

Stated in genesis, the Old Testament in the Bible, humans are made on the 6th day

Hindu Text Rigveda

“Cosmic egg” or Brahmanda, concentrated point called the Bindu, which is oscillating (Sanskrit verse 5 and 7)

Primordial Universe

primordial mixture, with different ingredients “seeds” organized by a principle called Nous (mind)

Anaxagoras

Greek philosopher who made the primordial universe theory

Atomic Universe

indestructible atoms which move in a void (empty space)

Leucippus and Democritus

Made the atomic universe theory

STOIC philosophers

“What happens in one place affects what happens elsewhere”

Gravitational Effects

vacuum of space is not empty, similar to Newton’s static and infinite’s universe

René Descartes

Made the Gravitational Effects theory

Einstein’s theory of Relativity

Unstable but static universe, abandoned theory after Edwin Hubble

Albert Einstein

Made the theory of relativity

Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson

Discovered the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation

Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) Radiation

Faint, leftover or remnant heat from the Big Bang, representing the first light that traveled freely through the universe

Isaac Newton

Made Newton’s steady state theory

Newton’s Steady State Theory

The universe is steady, matter is evenly distributed.

Steady State Theory

Expanding universe with no beginning or end. Matter continuously forms to keep the universe’s density.

Fred Hoyle, Thomas Gold, Hermann Bondi

Proposed the steady state theory in 1948

Perfect Cosmological Principle

Homogeneous and isotropic in space and time

Multiverse Theory

Our universe is just bubbles and a part of vasts universes.

Big Bang Theory

The universe with a small, dense, and hot point (cosmic singularity) and then made an outburst of energy and matter (expanded rapidly).

Cosmic Singularity

Small, dense and hot point

Theory of Inflation

Proposes a period of extremely rapid expansion of the universe shortly after the Big Bang

Alan Guth

Made the Theory of Inflation

Theories of the Universe

• Religion/Creationism

• Hindu Text Rigveda

• Primordial Universe

• Atomic Universe

• Gravitational Effects

• Einstein’s Theory of Relativity

• Newton’s Steady State Theory

• Steady State Theory

• Multiverse Theory

• Big Bang Theory

Four Fundamental Forces

Gravity, electromagnetic, strong nuclear force, weak nuclear force

Ancient Egyptian Creation Myth

Sky goddess arching over Gods of Earth and air

Radiation Era

Domination of radiation

Epochs in Radiation Era

• Planck Epoch

• Grand Unification Epoch

• Inflationary Epoch

• Electroweak Epoch

• Quark Epoch

• Hadron Epoch

• Lepton Epoch

Planck Epoch

No matter existed because of the high temperature, only energy.

Grand Unification Epoch

Gravity separated from the other three fundamental forces. The epoch concluded when the strong nuclear force separated from other forces.

Inflationary Epoch

Universe expanded from the size of an atom to a size of grape fruit

Electroweak Epoch

Electromagnetic and weak nuclear forces unified. This era ended when the universe cooled down enough for the forces to separate.

Quark Epoch

Many particles formed. Leptons, quarks and other particles have not yet formed

Hadron Epoch

Temperature cooled enough for quarks and gluons to form hadrons, such as protons and neutrons

Lepton Epoch

Leptons like electrons and positrons dominated the universe’s mass

Matter Era

Defined by presence and predominance of matter in the universe

Epochs in the Matter Era

• Atomic Epoch

• Galactic Epoch

• Stellar Epoch

Atomic Epoch

The universe cooled down enough for electrons to attach to nuclei. Recombination made the second hydrogen.

Galactic Epoch

Hydrogen along with Helium atoms dotted the universe with atomic clouds that forms first galaxies. (Seedlings of galaxies)

Stellar Epoch

Star began to form. Heat + Helium + Hydrogen = almost all elements

Different pieces of evidence that helps prove the Big Bang

• Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) Radiation

• Ratio of Helium and Hydrogen

• Red Shift

• Particle Acceleration

Ratio of Helium and Hydrogen

The observed ratio of these two precisely matches the predictions of Big Bang nucleosynthesis

Nucleosynthesis

Process that created the first elements

Percentage ratio of Helium and Hydrogen

About 25% helium and 75% hydrogen

Red Shift

Light from distant galaxies is stretched to longer and redder wavelengths (electromagnetic spectrum) showing that they’re moving away from us. Indicates that the universe is expanding

Particle Acceleration

Bubble chambers and a simulation of what happened