[04.37] Pathology Lab (BP2)_ Neoplasia, Hematology, and Infectious Diseases V2.3.pdf

Proliferating neoplastic cells and stroma

The two basic components of all benign and malignant tumors

Tumor parenchyma

The basic component of tumors composed of proliferating neoplastic cells

Stroma

The basic component of tumors made up of connective tissue and blood vessels

Suffix “-oma”

The suffix used in the nomenclature of benign tumors

Sarcomas

Malignant tumors arising in solid mesenchymal tissues

Leukemias or lymphomas

Malignant tumors arising from blood-forming cells

Carcinomas

Malignant neoplasms of epithelial cell origin

Well differentiated

The description of differentiation for benign tumors

Some lack of differentiation (anaplasia)

The description of differentiation for malignant tumors

Usually progressive and slow

The general rate of growth for benign tumors

Erratic, may be slow to rapid; mitotic figures may be numerous and abnormal

The description of the rate of growth and mitotic figures for malignant tumors

Cohesive, expansile, well-demarcated masses

Description of local invasion for benign tumors

Locally invasive, infiltrating surrounding tissue

Description of local invasion for malignant tumors

Absent

The characteristic of metastasis in benign tumors

Frequent

The characteristic of metastasis in malignant tumors

Breast (29%)

The most common cancer in females based on incidence

Prostate (27%)

The most common cancer in males based on incidence

Lung cancer

The leading cause of cancer death for both males and females

Smooth muscle tumor

The tissue origin suggested by the terms "Leio," "Myo," and "Oma" in Leiomyoma

Benign tumor

The classification of a leiomyoma of the uterus

Well-differentiated, with cigar-shaped nucleus

A morphological feature of a leiomyoma that indicates its benign nature

Ischemic necrosis

The exception where necrosis might occur in a leiomyoma

Interlacing bundles of neoplastic smooth muscles

The microscopic composition of a leiomyoma

Estrogen

The hormone that influences the development of leiomyoma

Polypoid submucosal fibroid

The resulting growth structure when leiomyomas grow near the endometrial cavity

Intramural leiomyoma (IL)

The most common benign tumor in the uterus

Smooth muscle cells

The cell type composition of intramural leiomyoma

Whorled appearance

The specific pattern in which cells are arranged in bundles under the microscope in an intramural leiomyoma

Hysterectomy

The most common indication for which leiomyoma is cited

Benign

The classification of an ovarian fibroma

Fibromas

The most common solid benign tumor of the ovary

Mesenchymal in origin (connective tissue and derivatives)

The tissue of origin for ovarian fibromas

Fibroblasts

The main cells composing an ovarian fibroma, arising mainly in the ovarian stroma

Lacelike pattern of neoplastic bone produced by anaplastic malignant tumor cells

A pattern seen microscopically in osteosarcoma

Sarcoma

The malignant tumor classification typically assigned to neoplasms of mesenchymal origin

Osteoid

The protein, non-mineralized component of bone that forms the matrix of an osteosarcoma

Chondroblastic osteosarcoma

The classification given to an osteosarcoma if its matrix contains abundant cartilage

Retinoblastoma (RB) mutation

The tumor suppressor gene mutation related to 70% of sporadic osteosarcomas

Li-Fraumeni Syndrome

The syndrome associated with a germline TP53 mutation, which is related to osteosarcomas

CDKN2A (aka INK4a)

The tumor suppressor gene inactivated in osteosarcomas that encodes for p16 and p14

MDM2 and CDK4

The oncogenes involved in osteosarcomas that inhibit p53 and RB function

Bone, cartilage, blood vessels, fat cells, fibrous tissue, muscles

Examples of tissues that originate from the mesenchyme

Osteosarcoma

The most common primary malignant tumor arising from bone

Children (10-15 years old)

The age group in which osteosarcoma is usually seen

Transitional cell carcinoma (aka urothelial carcinoma)

The most common malignancy in the urinary bladder

Liposarcoma

The malignant counterpart of a lipoma

Epithelial glands of rectosigmoid colon

The tissue of origin for Adenocarcinoma, Rectosigmoid Colon

Sigmoid colon and rectum

The location where adenocarcinoma arises most frequently in the colon

Invasive and disorder (crowding of glands)

Two critical clues to malignancy emphasized in rectosigmoid colon adenocarcinoma

KRAS

The oncogene involved in cell division regulation (RAS/MAPK) present in 50% of invasive adenocarcinomas

CDK8

The gene that regulates beta-catenin and is involved in the Wnt signaling pathway, found in colorectal cancers

APC (adenomatous polyposis coli)

The tumor suppressor protein that degrades β-catenin when it is no longer needed

TP53

The tumor suppressor gene that repairs DNA damage and elicits apoptosis, mutated in 70-80% of colon cancers

STK11 (serine/threonine kinase 11)

The tumor suppressor protein associated with Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome

PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog)

The protein that signals cells to stop dividing, associated with Cowden Syndrome

BMPR1A and SMAD4

The genes associated with juvenile polyposis syndrome in gastrointestinal cancers

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and CA 19-9

Tumor markers used for colon adenocarcinoma

Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (e.g., Ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s Disease)

Inflammatory conditions that increase the risk of developing colorectal malignancy

Adenocarcinoma

The most common malignancy in the stomach

Gland

The meaning of the prefix 'adeno-' in adenocarcinoma

Simple layer of mucus-secreting columnar epithelium

The normal lining of the stomach

Ectodermal

The principal line of differentiation for cystic teratomas

Skin replete with hair, sebaceous glands and tooth structures

The structures lining a cystic teratoma

All three germ layers

The origin of the neoplastic tissues found in a cystic teratoma

Mature, Immature, Malignant

The three categories of teratoma

Dermoid cysts

Another name for mature teratomas

Young women during active reproductive years

The typical demographic usually seen with mature teratomas

Endodermal sinus tumor

A germ cell tumor component often admixed with unequivocally malignant teratomas

Bony trabeculae cartilage

An example of a mesodermally derived element sometimes seen histologically in teratomas

Respiratory epithelium tissue

An example of an endodermally derived element sometimes seen histologically in teratomas

Benign tumor of fat

The classification of a lipoma

Subcutaneous fatty tissue of the proximal extremities and trunk

The common site where lipomas usually arise

Adulthood

The time of life when lipoma is the most common soft tissue tumor

Angiolipomas

The subclassification given to lipomas that contain multiple small blood vessels and fibrin thrombi

Signet ring appearance

The morphological appearance of adipocytes in a lipoma, characterized by the nucleus displaced to the periphery

Yellow

The gross appearance of a lipoma

Encapsulated

A gross feature of a lipoma consistent with its benign nature

Doughnut-shaped

The microscopic appearance of a normal bile duct

Simple cuboidal cells

The cell type lining a normal bile duct

Rare benign hepatic lesion

The classification of Bile Duct Hamartoma

Abnormally-arranged simple cuboidal cells

A key histopathologic finding in bile duct hamartoma

Benign

The classification of a duct hamartoma

Hamartoma

A disorganized benign tumor composed of cells indigenous to the involved site

Choristoma

A mass of histologically normal tissue (heterotropic) in an abnormal location

Mucin-secreting columnar epithelium

The cell type lining the glands of a normal cervix

Squamocolumnar junction

The location where chronic inflammatory changes of the cervix are typically observed

Abundance of dark-blue lymphocytes and plasma cells

A key microscopic feature of chronic inflammatory cell infiltrate in chronic cervicitis

Squamous metaplasia

The change occurring in the endocervical surface epithelium due to chronic cervicitis

Nabothian follicles

The cystic dilations observed in chronic cervicitis

Human papillomavirus (HPV)

The etiologic agent implicated in the genesis of cervical carcinoma

HPV 16 and HPV 18

The two high-risk HPV serotypes associated with 70% of cervical cancer cases

Papanicolaou test or Pap smear test

The screening tool used for the early detection of malignant cervical lesions

Epithelial cells in the terminal lobules of glands

The tissue of origin for breast cancer

Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (IDC)

The most common type of breast cancer, which has the worst prognosis

Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)

The type of ductal carcinoma confined to the inside of the duct

Fibrotic stroma

The component in IDC that causes the characteristic firm texture upon palpation

Neoplastic cells fill and expand the duct lumina, but are still within the ducts

The defining characteristic of DCIS related to the basement membrane

Microcalcifications and central necrosis

Features often seen in the ducts of DCIS

1% per year

The risk for development of invasive carcinoma if DCIS is left untreated

BRCA1 and BRCA2

The most common hereditary genes responsible for 80-90% of familial breast cancer