Biology: Cellular Organelles, Enzymes, Photosynthesis, Respiration, and Mitosis

Comprehensive fill-in-the-blank practice cards covering organelles, diffusion types, enzyme kinetics, photosynthesis phases, respiration types, and the stages of mitosis.

The organelle that converts sunlight into chemical energy through photosynthesis is the __________.

chloroplast

The main function of the mitochondria is the production of energy in the form of __________.

$$ATP$$

Diffusion happens quicker when the membrane barrier is __________ at the contact area.

thinner

According to the lecture, water moves out of a cell by osmosis if the surrounding water is __________ concentrated than the cytoplasm.

less

The process of a cell taking in fluid and small dissolved molecules is called __________ (cell drinking).

pinocytosis

The process of existing particles moving out of the cell is known as __________.

exocytosis

Enzymes are proteins and are composed of unique chains of __________ that fold into unique shapes.

amino acids

In the collision theory acronym FORCE, the 'E' stands for __________.

kinetic energy

When enzymes are heated above their optimal temperature, they and their active sites become __________.

denatured

Changes to an enzyme's shape caused by extreme pH levels are __________ and prevent the substrate from fitting.

irreversible

In enzyme activity, Phase 2 occurs when the rate remains constant because all the enzymes' __________ are full.

active sites

__________ inhibitors do not enter the active site but bind to another part of the enzyme to change its shape.

Non-competitive

Photosynthesis captures light energy and uses Carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose, storing energy as __________ potential energy.

chemical

The plant tissue used to transport water up is the __________, whereas the phloem is used for food flow.

xylem

Small holes on the underside of a leaf that allow gases to diffuse in and out are called __________.

stomata

In a chloroplast, the clear fluid that contains enzymes for photosynthesis and allows light to pass through is the __________.

stroma

Chloroplasts are often located near the outside of the cell to maximize __________ intensity.

light

In the Light Dependent Phase (LDP), water is split into __________ ions and oxygen.

$$H^+$$

The Light Independent Phase (LIP) occurs in the stroma and is also known as the __________ cycle.

Calvin

The three main stages of aerobic respiration are Glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the __________.

electron transport chain

During aerobic respiration, glucose and __________ are reacting to produce carbon dioxide, water, and $ATP$.

oxygen

Anaerobic respiration in cells breaks down glucose into __________ and energy in the absence of oxygen.

lactic acid

DNA is made of subunits called nucleotides, which consist of a phosphate, a sugar, and a __________ base.

nitrogenous

In DNA complementary base pairing, Cytosine (C) always pairs with __________.

Guanine (G)

DNA replication is described as __________ because each new DNA molecule contains one original strand and one new strand.

semi-conservative

Identical sister chromatids produced during the S phase are joined together at a __________.

centromere

During the __________ phase of the cell cycle, the cell grows rapidly and performs routine metabolic processes.

interphase

The stage of mitosis where chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell is __________.

metaphase

The phase of mitosis where two new nuclear membranes form around the separated chromosomes is __________.

telophase

The physical splitting of the parent cell into two new daughter cells is called __________.

cytokinesis