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Physical Agents
Sources of energy applied to patients to produce therapeutic effects and can cause injury or disease if applied excessively.
Thermal Agents
Any application that produces heat or warmth to the structures.
Cold Agents
Any application that cools the structures.
5 Cardinal Signs of Inflammation
Redness, Heat, Pain, Edema, Loss of function.
Redness (Rubor)
Reddish appearance on the injured site due to increased blood flow.
Heat (Calor)
Increase in temperature at the injured site due to increased blood flow.
Pain (Dolor)
An unpleasant sensation elicited by the release of substances like prostaglandin after injury.
Edema
Accumulation of fluid in interstitial space, often a result of increased permeability and blood flow.
Proliferative Phase
The first phase of tissue repair that occurs 3-20 days after injury, involving fibroblast proliferation.
Remodeling Phase
Occurs after the proliferative phase, where collagen fibers become organized to provide greater tensile strength.
Acute Inflammation
Inflammation that occurs immediately after injury and lasts up to 2 weeks.
Chronic Inflammation
Inflammation that persists over months or years.
Pain
A protective mechanism that alerts individuals to prevent further damage.
Specificity Theory
Theory proposing that pain receptors (nociceptors) are stimulated to transmit pain to the brain.
Gate Control Theory
Theory suggesting pain perception can be modulated by the interaction of peripheral afferents with a central modulation system.
Nociceptors
Free nerve endings stimulated to transmit pain impulses to sensory neurons.
Evidence-Based Practice
An approach to clinical practice that integrates the best research evidence, clinical expertise, and patient values.
