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Conformity
The process by which individuals adjust their thoughts, feelings, or behavior to align with those of a group, as a result of real or imagined group pressure
Normative Social Influence
The influence to conform to the positive expectations of others, driven by the desire to be liked or accepted by the group
Social Norms
Unwritten rules that dictate acceptable behavior within a society or group, influencing how individuals act and interact
Social Comparison
The process of evaluating oneself by comparing with others, often to assess one's abilities, status, or opinions
Relative Deprivation
A feeling of dissatisfaction or injustice experienced when individuals compare themselves to others and perceive that they are worse off
Upward Social Comparision
Comparing oneself to others who are perceived to be better off or more skilled, which can motivate self-improvement but may also decrease self-esteem
Downward Social Comparission
Comparing oneself to others who are perceived to be worse off or less skilled, which can boost self-esteem but may also foster complacency
Informational Social Influence
The influence to accept information from others as evidence about reality, often occurring in situations where the correct action or belief is uncertain
Obedience
The act of following direct commands, usually from an authority figure, even if they contradict personal beliefs or morals
Social Facilitation
The tendency for people to perform differently when in the presence of others, typically showing improved performance on simple or well-practiced tasks and worse performance on complex or new tasks
Group Polarization
When people in a group talk about an idea, they often end up agreeing even more strongly with each other, making their group opinion more extreme
Groupthink
the desire for harmony or conformity in a group leads to irrational or dysfunctional decision-making outcomes. Members suppress dissenting opinions, leading to a loss of individual creativity and responsibility
Bystander Effect
individuals are less likely to offer help to a victim when other people are present
Diffusion of Responsibility
The tendency for individuals to feel less responsible for taking action or helping in a situation when others are present, leading to a decrease in the likelihood of intervention
Social Loafing
The tendency for individuals to exert less effort when working in a group than when working alone
Deindividuation
the loss of an individual's self-awareness and sense of individuality in group settings, often leading to impulsive and deviant behavior
Attribution Theory
Explains how people decide whether someone's behavior is caused by their personality or their situation
Dispositional Attributions
Assuming a person's actions are due to their personality, not their situation
Situational Attributions
Assuming a person's actions are due to their circumstances, not their personality
Explanatory Style
How a person usually explains the reasons behind events—whether they blame themselves or outside factors
Optimistic Explanatory Style
The habit of explaining good things as likely to happen again and bad things as one-time events
Pessimistic Explanatory Style
The habit of explaining bad things as likely to happen again and good things as one-time events
Fundamental Attribution Error
The tendency to blame people's actions more on their personality and less on their situation
Actor-Observer Bias
The habit of blaming our own actions on the situation but blaming other people's actions on their personality
Self-Serving Bias
The tendency to attribute one's successes to personal characteristics and failures to external factors, enhancing one's self-esteem
Internal locus of control
The belief that one's own actions and decisions directly influence the outcomes and events in their life
External locus of control
The belief that outcomes and events are determined by external forces or fate, rather than one's own actions
Altruism
The selfless concern for the well-being of others, leading to behavior that benefits others at a personal cost
Social Responsibility Norm
The societal expectation that people should help others who need assistance, without regard to future exchanges
