Lecture Notes Review - Justice, Ethics, and Policing

These flashcards cover essential concepts from the lecture on justice, ethics, and law enforcement.

What is civil disobedience?

Civil disobedience is the act of peacefully breaking the law to protest unfairness.

What does confirmatory bias refer to?

Confirmatory bias is the tendency to notice only evidence that fits one's existing beliefs.

What is corrective justice?

Corrective justice involves fixing or compensating for a wrong.

Define distributive justice.

Distributive justice is about the fair sharing of resources or punishments.

What is due process?

Due process ensures that rights are protected during legal procedures.

Explain the concept of equality in law.

Equality means treating everyone the same under the law.

What is fairness in the context of law?

Fairness involves making unbiased, just decisions.

Describe hedonic calculus.

Hedonic calculus is weighing pain against pleasure to decide punishment.

What is the principle of impartiality?

Impartiality is not favoring one side in decision-making.

What does restorative justice aim to achieve?

Restorative justice seeks to repair harm by involving both the offender and the victim.

What is retributive justice?

Retributive justice is the idea that punishment should fit the crime.

What is meant by sanctuary in a legal context?

Sanctuary refers to a safe place offering protection.

Define substantive justice.

Substantive justice refers to fairness in the actual outcome.

What is utilitarian justice?

Utilitarian justice focuses on producing the greatest good for the greatest number.

Explain the veil of ignorance concept.

The veil of ignorance is a thought experiment where rules are created without knowledge of one's own social status.

What is John Rawls' core idea of justice?

John Rawls' core idea is that justice equals fairness.

What does bounded ethicality refer to?

Bounded ethicality refers to the phenomenon where people view themselves as ethical while making biased decisions unknowingly.

What are developmental theories in moral development?

Developmental theories suggest that people's moral understanding develops in stages as they grow.

What is the EPIC program about?

The EPIC program promotes ethical policing by encouraging officers to stop misconduct.

What does ethical fading mean?

Ethical fading occurs when people no longer perceive their actions as ethical choices.

What are Kohlberg's six stages of moral development?

Kohlberg's stages range from avoiding punishment to following universal ethical principles.

What is moral identity?

Moral identity is the extent to which a person sees morality as central to their self-concept.

Define organizational citizenship behaviors.

Organizational citizenship behaviors are actions that go beyond job requirements to support colleagues or the community.

What are perverse incentives?

Perverse incentives are rewards that unintentionally encourage unethical behavior.

What is discretion in policing?

Discretion refers to an officer's freedom to choose how to act in various situations.

What does the term 'public servant model' refer to in policing?

The public servant model describes officers serving the community while adhering to the law.

Describe the concept of the 'Ferguson Effect'.

The Ferguson Effect refers to a decrease in proactive policing by officers after public criticism.

What does 'warrior model' entail in law enforcement?

The warrior model frames officers as fighters focused on control and authority.

What is the Social Intuitionist Model proposed by Jonathan Haidt?

The Social Intuitionist Model suggests that people make ethical decisions based on quick gut feelings rather than rational thought.

What role do genetics play in ethical decision-making?

Genetics may influence individual tendencies toward traits like empathy or aggression, which affect moral decisions.

How does the prefrontal cortex affect ethical decision-making?

The prefrontal cortex controls rational thought and self-control; damage can lead to impulsive behavior.

Explain the role of testosterone in ethical behaviors.

Testosterone is linked to aggression and dominance, which may influence risk-taking in ethical choices.

What is the definition of ethics?

Ethics is the study of right and wrong based on morals, values, and duties.

What are the Six Pillars of Character according to the Josephson Institute?

The Six Pillars include Trustworthiness, Respect, Responsibility, Fairness, Caring, and Citizenship.

What is ends-based thinking?

Ends-based thinking, also known as utilitarianism, focuses on actions that produce the greatest good for the greatest number.

What is rule-based thinking?

Rule-based thinking, or formalism, emphasizes following rules and duties regardless of outcomes.

Describe care-based thinking in ethics.

Care-based thinking, or the Golden Rule, advocates treating others as one would want to be treated.

What are the five steps to resolve ethical dilemmas?

1. Identify the facts, 2. Identify values at stake, 3. Identify possible options, 4. Evaluate the options, 5. Choose and act.

What does the A-B-C model explain in terms of behavior?

The A-B-C model shows that antecedents trigger behaviors that lead to consequences.

What is the connection between antecedent, behavior, and consequence in ethics?

To achieve better outcomes, one must change actions (B) or the circumstances leading to those actions (A).

Provide an example of the A-B-C model in a college scenario.

A: Feeling overwhelmed by a long reading, B: Procrastinating, C: Falling behind and blaming the class.