BIO 230 Exam #1 - Bradley University

Ventral

Front

Dorsal

Back

Proximal

Close to

Distal

Away from

Lateral

Side of body

Medial

Middle of body

Superficial

Top level

Deep

Bottom level

Superior

Above

Inferior

Below

Cephalon

Head

Caudal

Tail/feet

Palmar

Palm of hand

Dorsal(dorsum)

Back of hand

Plantar

Bottom of foot

Circumflex

Curved

Afferent

Toward an organ

Efferent

Away from organ

Saggital plane

divides the body into a right and left side

Transverse plane

line that divides the body into upper and lower sections

Coronal plane

divides body into front and back

What are the 5 steps of the scientific method?

Observation, question, hypothesis, prediction, and experiment

Dependent variable

Aspect being measured/tested

Independent variable

Aspect being manipulated

Null hypothesis

opposite of hypothesis

What significance do levels of evidence have?

Less humans involved, less believable. More humans involved, more believable.

What is an example of a less believable evidence level?

Animal/Lab studies, editorials, and expert opinions

What is an example of a more believable evidence level?

Clinical practice guidelines and meta-analysis systematic review

Basic science is

Pure science that may not result in a practical (important) application

Applied science is

Technology science that asks how can we improve?

Properties of life are

Highly organized, sensitive, and can adapt easily

Homeostasis

Regulation to internal and external environment

Set points refer to

When the body resists change, it will work to return to a specific threshold (ex: sweat, shiver)

positive feedback loops

moves away from homeostasis, is short term

what is a good example of a positive feedback loop?

pregancy (release oxytocin, more contractions, eventually back at a homeostasis environment)

negative feedback loops

uses reactions to diminish changes and return back to a set point

what is a good example of a negative feedback loop?

sweating and shivering

as pH decreases, the number of H+ ions ______

increases

does an acid release or accept H+

release (negative OH molecule)

does a base release or accept H+

accept (less are freely loose, accepts more)

what is the pH of blood

7.35-7.45

buffer

pair of substances that minimizes fluctuations in the pH of living organisms

how can the lungs affect the acid base balance?

- exhale CO2, less CO2, less bicarbonate (more acidic)

- inhale CO2, more CO2, more bicarbonate (more basic)

where do most chemical reactions occur?

water

solute and solvent

solution

why do solutes dissolve in water?

polar covalent bonds

what is the relationship of H+ bonds to the states of H20

- solid (many H+ bonds)

- liquid (some H+ bonds)

- gas (no H+ bonds)

changes in state require

energy

cohesion and surface tension create

hydrogen bonds

water is less dense when it is a ________

solid

water has a high specific heat and heat capacity

cohesion

water molecules stick together

water allows for ______ __________

waste elimination

where are protons and neutrons found?

nucleus

covalent bonds

share electrons, they are strong, could form partial charges

nonpolar covalent

equal sharing, no partial charges

polar covalent

unequal sharing, partial charges possible

hydrogen bond

weak bonds, form because H+ is more positive, and attracted to negative charges

what is an example of hydrogen bonds within a molecule?

DNA (H bonds form between the nucleotides on either side of the double helix)

van de Waals

very weak bonds, similar to magnets

ionic bonds

forms when a cation (+) binds to an anion (-), powerful bonds

biological membranes

contains phospholipids, proteins, and carbohydrates

plasma membranes

thin, somewhat "fluid", separates inside and outside

Internal membranes

form organelles

selective permeability

selective uptake and export of ions and molecules

what do proteins do within the phospholipid bilayer?

ion, molecule, and polar molecules get transported

integral membrane proteins

embedded in membrane where portion is integrated into the hydrophobic region (to allow things that are charged or too large to pass through)

peripheral membrane proteins

sit on the membrane, not in.

- anchor the cytoskeleton

- anchor cells together

- send signals to other cells, can identify other cells

what does more bonds do to the fluidity of the membrane?

more bonds, less fluid (membranes should be structurally sound but flexible)

if nonpolar tails are short, that means

the membrane is more fluid

if there are double bonds in the membrane, that means

more fluid

kink

less able to interact

what does the presence of cholesterol do?

stabilize membranes

- higher temp means less fluid

- lower temp means more fluid

what does collagen create?

the basement membrane

passive transport includes

simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion

simple diffusion

is a kind of passive transport that does not involve proteins. can transport small non-polar items, such as O2 and CO2. moves down the gradient

facilitated diffusion

is a kind of passive transport that involves transmembrane proteins. transports slightly larger, more charged or polar items. moves down the gradient

active transport

is a kinds of transport that requires energy (ATP) and moves ions against the gradient. confirmation changes happen and Na/K+ pump is an example

can ions and hydrophilic molecules diffuse through the membrane?

NO

what are the 4 factors that affect the diffusion across the bilayer?

size, polarity, charge, and concentration

electrochemical gradient

- inside is more negative

- outside is more positive

osmosis

the movement of water across membranes to balance solute concentrations

tonicity

the ability to dilute

osmosis and tonicity are affected by

solute concentration

what happens when cells are placed in a hypertonic solution

cells undergo shrinkage, loss of H20

what happens when cells are placed in a hypotonic solution

cells swell and may rupture, add of H20

secondary active transport

involves the use of a pre-existing gradient to drive the active transport of another solute

what is the Na+/K+ pump an example of

an antiporter using primary active transport

Na + is ___ inside the cell and ___ outside the cell

negative, positive

K+ is ___ inside the cell and ___ outside the cell

positive, negative

blood is what kind of tissue

a liquid connective tissue

cytosol

where most reactions happen, the fluid!

rough ER

contains ribosomes that create AAs

metabolism

sum of chemical reactions by which cells produce the materials and utilize the energy necessary to sustain life

what is a good example of metabolism

glycolysis

intracellular communication

between cells

intercellular communication

within cells

catabolism

breaks down molecules, releases energy (hydrolyze ATP)

anabolism

synthesis of molecules, requires energy (ADP + P group = ATP)

cytoskeleton

gives us shape, not rigid