Biology- Body Systems/Homeostasis

removes waste from the body

excretory system

system responsible for taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide using the lungs\-- gas exchange

respiratory system

cells\>tissue\>> organ\>> organ system\>> organism

Levels of organization of organism

breaks down and absorbs food

Digestive system

rid body of waste and maintain homeostasis

Excretory system

gas exchange, brings oxygen for cells, and expels carbon dioxide and water

Respiratory system

transports oxygen, nutrients, waste, regulate body temperature, collects fluid from blood vessels

Circulatory system

reproduction, in females- houses embryo

Reproductive system

sends electrical messages to body, processes information, regulates body's response to change in internal/external environment

Nervous system

barrier against infection, injury, and UV radiation + regulates body temp

Integumentary system

produces voluntary/involuntary movements, circulate blood, move food through digestive

Muscular system

protect body from pathogens, stores white blood cells

Immune system

sends chemical messages, influence growth, development, metabolism, maintain homeostasis

Endocrine system

supports/protects vital organs, allows movement, stores minerals, red blood cell production

Skeletal system

balance of organisms' internal conditions, usually by system of feedback mechanisms, that allow body to function properly even with external changes

Homeostasis

stabilize health and body functions and help maintain homeostasis, by causing a reaction/response to a change

Feedback mechanisms

initiation event, stimulus, receptor, control center, effector, response, set point

Steps of feedback loops

causes change in the environent

Initiation event

actual change

Stimulus

senses stimulus and sends signal to control center indicating chagne

Receptor

detects if system is withing or outside of homeostatic balance- turns off or activates effector

Control center

activation causes response- fixer

Effector

causes change in environment opposite of original change

Response

balance

Set point

rapid change is needed- ecnoruages/promotes change, and moves way from set point

Positive feedback loop

blood clotting, pregnancy contractions

Example of postive fedback loop

platelet accumulation causes blood clotting in rsponse to break/tear of blood vessels (injury)

Blood clotting

female body secretes oxytocin to begin contractions of uterus

Pregnancy contractions

more common- regulates most of body, reverses change that's occurring, and keeps internal levels close to set point

Negaitve feedback loops

the hypthalamus of endocrine is capable of determining slightest changes in body temperature, by producing sweat from excretory or signaling muscles to shiver

Body temperature control

eg, after exercise- bran sends message to pancreas to secrete glucagon- raises blood sugar level back to set point

Too low blood sugar

eg, after eating sugary foods

Too high blood sugar

decreases sugar

Insulin

increases sugar

Glucagon

body signals kidney, releases erythropoietin hormone, acts upon bone marrow that increases rbc production, increase oxygen levels in blood

Declining oxygen levels

Circulatory, Integumentary

Which human body systems interact to perfrom temperature regulation alogn with nervous and endocrine systems?

Endocrine, Circulatory

Which human body systems interact with the reproductive system to synthesize and transport reproductive hormones within the human body?

digestive, circulatory

Which human body systems interact to break down and Supply food / nutrients to all body cells?

Muscular, Skeletal, nervous

Which human body systems interact to provide movement with the human body in response to a stimulus?

Respiratory, Nervous, circulatory

Which human body systems interact to deal with changes in heart rate in the human body?

Endocrine, ciruclatory

Which human body systems interact control glucose sugar levels within the human body?

Respiratory, Endocrine , circulatory

Which human body systems interact to control the pH level due to CO2 levels in the blood within the human body?

Respiratory\-- takes in oxygen, releases c02, Circulatory\-- transports these to and fro

Which human body systems interact to control oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood?

Endocrine, Muscular, Skeletal , nervous

Which body systems that would be coordinating to enable rams to compete during mating season?

the process by which oxygen is transported to cells and carbon dioxide is transported from cells, by lungs and circulatory system

What is gas exchange?

Through diffusion in alveoli\-- O2 concentration is higher in the lungs than in the blood, so O2 diffuses into blood, and CO2 concentration in the blood is higher than in the lungs, so CO2 diffuses out of blood.

gas exchange in lungs

exchange surface has large surface area, with large number of alveoli, only one cell thick, and is supplied blood by capillaries

Features of the lungs that make gas exchange efficient?

Involuntary waves of muscle contraction that keep food moving along in one direction through the digestive system.

Peristalsis

neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands

motor neurons

neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord

sensory neurons

Process of maintaining an internal temperature within a tolerable range.

Thermoregulation

When the concentration of carbon dioxide increases, the lungs are signaled to increase their activity and exhale more carbon dioxide- breathing rate increases

How can high co2 levels in blood be addressed in a negative feedback loop?

digestive system, immune system

Food poisoning involves which body systems