HUMANBIOLOGY_CHAPTERELEVEN

Methods that involve the manipulation of genes or specific sequences of DNA are part of a broad category of research and practical applications called DNA ______. 

technology

Recombinant DNA is genetic material ______. 

spliced together from multiple sources

The process of determining the order of DNA nucleotides in a stretch of DNA is called

DNA sequencing.

The technology that is used to produce millions of copies of a DNA sequence in a test tube is called ______.

polymerase chain reaction

In biotechnology, the process of analyzing variable parts of a genome to detect genetic differences between individuals is called

DNA profiling.

The manipulation of genes for practical purposes, such as medicine, agriculture, or criminal justice, is called ______. 

DNA technology

A SNP is one of about 10 million known places in the human genome where

one nucleotide has been substituted for another.

The fact that different species use the same genetic code means that a _____ from one organism can be transferred to and expressed by a different organism.

gene

Short ______ repeats are repeated noncoding DNA sequences that vary in copy number among different individuals and that are useful in DNA profiling.

tandem

DNA sequencing is a technology that allows scientists to

determine the nucleotide sequence of genes, chromosomes, or genomes.

What type of DNA is exclusively inherited from the biological mother and can sometimes be used in DNA profiling when nuclear DNA is degraded?

mitochondrial DNA

What is the product of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)?

millions of copies of a DNA fragment

An undifferentiated cell that can give rise to specialized cell types is called a ______ cell.

stem

When trying to detect genetic differences between two individuals, one advantage of DNA profiling over whole genome sequencing is that DNA profiling uses just the ______ regions of DNA for comparison.

most variable

The cloning technique that was used to create the first cloned mammal (a sheep named Dolly) was called _____ cell nuclear transfer.

somatic

Comparing some of the 10 million ______ in the human genome, which are places where one nucleotide has been substituted for another, home DNA-testing kits associate certain genetic combinations with geographic origins, health predispositions, and other phenotypes.

single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)

Why are short tandem repeats (STRs) useful in DNA profiling?

Different people have unique numbers of repeats.

A DNA _____ is a short sequence of single-stranded DNA that is labeled with an isotope or tag and that can bind to a complementary DNA region of interest.

probe

Analysis of ______ can be used to match children with their biological mothers or grandmothers.

mitochondrial DNA

Stem cells are said to be ______, which means that they can give rise to specialized cell types but do not have a specialized role yet.

undifferentiated

How can parents determine if their growing fetus or newborn carries a disease-causing allele?

genetic testing

In a cloning technique called ______, a nucleus is moved from a donor's body cell into an egg cell without a nucleus.

somatic cell nuclear transfer

In what technology is a healthy gene added to a person's cells to supplement the function of a faulty, disease-causing gene?

gene therapy

DNA technology is especially useful in detecting and treating human diseases that are ______. 

caused by mutations of a single gene

How the detection of life-threatening diseases affects the life of an adult or fetal human is a moral and ethical dilemma associated with

genetic testing.

In order to detect specific DNA sequences within an individual, a scientist may use ______. 

a DNA probe

Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is performed on

an embryo cell in vitro.

What is routinely done to screen for phenylketonuria (PKU) in newborns?

genetic testing

What describes gene therapy?

addition of functional DNA to supplement a faulty gene

Because they are ______, in vitro fertilization and preimplantation genetic diagnosis may be only available to ______.

costly; the wealthy