a monastery for monks, or a convent for nuns, and the church that is connected to it
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Abstract
works of art that may have form, but have little or no attempt at pictorial representation
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Academy
an institution whose main objects include training artists in an academic tradition, ennobling the profession, and holding exhibitions
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Acropolis
literally, a “high city,” a Greek temple complex built on a hill over a city
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Action painting
an abstract painting in which the artist drips or splatters paint onto a surface like a canvas in order to create the work
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Adobe
a building material made from earth, straw, or clay dried in the sun
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Agora
a public plaza in a Greek city where commercial, religious, and societal activities are conducted
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‘Ahu ‘ula
Hawaiian feather cloaks
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Aka
an elephant mask of the Bamileke people of Cameroon
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Aerial perspective
see Perspective
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Altarpiece
a painted or sculpted panel set atop an altar of a church
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Ambulatory
a passageway around the apse or an altar of a church
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Amphiprostyle
having four columns in the front and rear of a temple
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Amphora
a two-handled ancient Greek storage jar
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Anamorphic image
an image that must be viewed by a special means, such as a mirror, in order to be recognized
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Andachtsbild
an image used for private contemplation and devotion
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Animal style
a medieval art form in which animals are depicted in a stylized and often complicated pattern, usually seen fighting with one another
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Ankh
an Egyptian symbol of life
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Annunciation
in Christianity, an episode in the Book of Luke 1
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Anthropomorphic
having characteristics of the human form, although the form itself is not human
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Apadana
an audience hall in a Persian palace
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Apocalypse
last book of the Christian Bible, sometimes called Revelations, which details God’s destruction of evil and consequent rising to heaven of the righteous
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Apotheosis
a type of painting in which the figures are rising heavenward
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Apotropaic
having the power to ward off evil or bad luck
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Apse
the end point of a church where the altar is
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Aquatint
a kind of print that achieves a watercolor effect by using acids that dissolve onto a copper plate
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Arabesque
a flowing, intricate, and symmetrical pattern deriving from floral motifs
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Arcade
a series of arches supported by columns; when the arches face a wall and are not self-supporting, they are called a blind arcade
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Arcadian
a simple rural and rustic setting used especially in Venetian paintings of the High Renaissance; it is named after Arcadia, a district in Greece to which poets and painters have attributed a rural simplicity and an idyllically untroubled world
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Archaeology
the scientific study of ancient people and cultures principally revealed through excavation
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Architrave
a plain nonornamented lintel on the entablature
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Archivolt
a series of concentric moldings around an arch
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Ashlar masonry
carefully cut and grooved stones that support a building without the use of concrete or other kinds of masonry
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Assemblage
a three-dimensional work made of various materials such as wood, cloth, paper, and miscellaneous objects
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Athena
Greek goddess of war and wisdom; patron of Athens
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Atmospheric perspective
see Perspective
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Atrium
a courtyard in a Roman house or before a Christian church
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Avant-garde
an innovative group of artists who generally reject traditional approaches in favor of a more experimental technique
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Axial plan (Basilican plan, Longitudinal plan)
a church with a long nave whose focus is the apse, so-named because it is designed along an axis
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Bandolier bag
a large heavily beaded pouch with a slit on top worn at the waist with a strap over the shoulder
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Baptistery
in medieval architecture, a separate chapel or building generally in front of a church used for baptisms
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Barrel vault
see Vault
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Basilica
in Roman architecture, a large axially planned building with a nave, side aisles, and apses. In Christian architecture, an axially planned church with a long nave, side aisles, and an apse for the altar
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Bas-relief
a very shallow relief sculpture
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Bay
a vertical section of a church that is embraced by a set of columns and is usually composed of arches and aligned windows
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Bent-axis
an architectural plan in which an approach to a building requires an angular change of direction, as opposed to a direct and straight entry
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Bi
a round ceremonial disk found in ancient Chinese tombs; characterized by having a circular hole in the center, which may have symbolized heaven
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Biombos
folding free-standing screens
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Biomorphism
a movement that stresses organic shapes that hint at natural forms
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Bodhisattva
a deity who refrains from entering nirvana to help others
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Bottega
the studio of an Italian artist
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Buddha
a fully enlightened being; there are many Buddhas, the most famous of whom is Sakyamuni, also known as Gautama or Siddhartha
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Bundu
masks used by the women’s Sande society to bring girls into puberty
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Bust
a sculpture depicting a head, neck, and upper chest of a figure
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Byeri
in the art of the Fang people, a reliquary guardian figure
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Calligraphy
decorative or beautiful handwriting
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Calotype
a type of early photograph, developed by William H. F. Talbot, that is characterized by its grainy quality; a calotype is considered the forefather of all photography because it produces both a positive and a negative image
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Camera obscura
(Latin, meaning “dark room”) a box with a lens which captures light and casts an image on the opposite side
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Caprice
usually a work of art that is an architectural fantasy; more broadly any work that has a fantasy element
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Cantilever
a projecting beam that is attached to a building at one end and suspended in the air at the other
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Canvas
a heavy woven material used as the surface of a painting; first widely used in Venice
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Capital
the top element of a column
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Caricature
a drawing that uses distortion or exaggeration of someone’s physical features or apparel in order to make that person look foolish
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Caryatid
a column in a building that is shaped like a female figure
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Cassone
a trunk intended for storage of clothing for a wife’s trousseau
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Casta paintings
paintings from New Spain showing people of mixed races
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Catacomb
an underground passageway used for burial
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Cathedral
the principal church of a diocese, where a bishop sits
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Cella
the main room of a temple where the god is housed
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Central plan
a building having a circular plan with the altar in the middle
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Chacmool
a Mayan figure that is half-sitting and half-lying on its back
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Chalice
a cup containing wine used in a Christian ceremony
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Chapter house
a building next to a church used for meetings
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Chasing
to ornament metal by indenting into a surface with a hammer
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Chevet
the east end of a Gothic church
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Chiaroscuro
a gradual transition from light to dark in a painting; forms are not determined by sharp outlines, but by the meeting of lighter and darker areas
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Choir
a space in a church between the transept and the apse for a choir or clergymen
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Cinquecento
the 1500s, or sixteenth century, in Italian art
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Cire perdue
the lost-wax process. A bronze casting method in which a figure is modeled in clay and covered with wax and then recovered with clay. When fired in a kiln, the wax melts away leaving a channel between the two layers of clay that can be used as a mold for liquid metal
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Clerestory
the third, or window, story of a church; also, a roof that rises above lower roofs and thus has window space beneath
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Cloissonné
enamelwork in which colored areas are separated by thin bands of metal, usually gold or bronze
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Close
an enclosed gardenlike area around a cathedral
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Codex
a manuscript book
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Coffer
in architecture, a sunken panel in a ceiling
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Coiling
a method of creating pottery in which a rope-like strand of clay is wrapped and layered into a shape before being fired in a kiln
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Collage
a composition made by pasting together different items onto a flat surface
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Colophon
1) a commentary on the end panel of a Chinese scroll; 2) an inscription at the end of a manuscript containing relevant information on its publication
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Color field
a style of abstract painting characterized by simple shapes and monochromatic color
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Composite column
one that contains a combination of volutes from the Ionic order and acanthus leaves from the Corinthian order
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Compound pier
a pier that appears to be a group or gathering of smaller piers put together
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Confucianism
a philosophical belief begun by Confucius that stresses education, devotion to family, mutual respect, and traditional culture
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Cong
a tubular object with a circular hole cut into a square-like cross section
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Continuous narrative
a work of art that contains several scenes of the same story painted or sculpted in continuous succession
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Contrapposto
a graceful arrangement of the body based on tilted shoulders and hips and bent knees
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Corbel arch
a vault formed by layers of stone that gradually grow closer together as they rise until they eventually meet
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Corinthian
an order of ancient Greek architecture similar to the Ionic, except that the capitals are carved in tiers of leaves
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Coyolxauhqui
an Aztec moon goddess whose name means “Golden Bells”
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Cornice
a projecting ledge over a wall
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Cubiculum
a Roman bedroom flanking an atrium; in Early Christian art, a mortuary chapel in a catacomb
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Cuneiform
a system of writing in which the strokes are formed in a wedge or arrowhead shape
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