Systematics: 1st long quiz

earth

is the only home of life in the universe

Sun

The ___is a newborn star surrounded by a disc of dust and rock

Earth

Gravity begins pulling this dust into tiny rocks, which then collide to form ____—one of at least 100 planets circling the sun.

Gravity

___begins pulling this dust into tiny rocks, which then collide to form Earth—one of at least 100 planets circling the sun.

Earth

is a molten ball of liquid rock with a surface temperature of over 2,000°F.

Earth

The atmosphere is toxic, composed of CO2, nitrogen, and water vapor.

CO2, nitrogen, water vapor.

4.5 Billion Years Ago The atmosphere of the earth is toxic and is composed of ___, _ __, _ __

Theia

A Mars-sized planet named __strikes Earth. Both planets liquefy. The debris forms a ring of red-hot dust and rock around Earth.

Moon

Over 1,000 years, the debris ring coalesces into the ___. It is initially much closer to Earth—only 14,000 miles away

6 hours

Earth’s rapid rotation means a day lasts only ___.

3.9 Billion

___ Years Ago, a hail of meteors attack the earth

crystal

3.9 Billion years ago, meteors attack the earth and inside the meteors are __that looked like a grain of salt, and inside the crystals are minute dropletes of water

water

3.9 Billion years ago, meteors attack the earth and inside the meteors are crystal that looked like a grain of salt, and inside the crystals are minute droplets of ___

crust

As meteors hit, they deliver water that pools on the cooling __.

170°F

As meteors hit, they deliver water that pools on the cooling crust. The surface temperature drops to __

Moon

The ___’s proximity creates massive tides that whip up global mega-storms.

Molten rock

___ bursts through the crust to form the first volcanic islands.

volcanic islands

Molten rock bursts through the crust to form the first ___.

amino acids

3.8 billions yrs ago, Meteors continue to hit, but now carry minerals and primitive proteins called ___

hydrothermal vents

Underwater, ___ spew hot, mineral-rich liquid. This creates a chemical soup that leads to the first single-celled bacteria.

single-celled bacteria

Underwater, "chimneys" (hydrothermal vents) spew hot, mineral-rich liquid. This creates a chemical soup that leads to the first ___.

single-celled bacteria

earliest forms of line on earth

3.5 Billion

__Years Ago: Large colonies of bacteria called Stromatolites appear in shallow oceans. They use photosynthesis to turn CO2 and water into glucose, releasing oxygen as a byproduct.

Stromatolites

3.5 Billion Years Ago: Large colonies of bacteria called ___appear in shallow oceans. They use photosynthesis to turn CO2 and water into glucose, releasing oxygen as a byproduct.

shallow oceans

3.5 Billion Years Ago: Large colonies of bacteria called Stromatolites appear in ___. They use photosynthesis to turn CO2 and water into glucose, releasing oxygen as a byproduct.

photosynthesis

3.5 Billion Years Ago: Large colonies of bacteria called Stromatolites appear in shallow oceans. They use ___to turn CO2 and water into glucose, releasing oxygen as a byproduct.

3.5 Billion Years Ago: Large colonies of bacteria called Stromatolites appear in shallow oceans. They use photosynthesis to turn CO2 and water into glucose, releasing oxygen as a byproduct.

CO2 and water

3.5 Billion Years Ago: Large colonies of bacteria called Stromatolites appear in shallow oceans. They use photosynthesis to turn ___ and _ __ into glucose, releasing oxygen as a byproduct.

glucose

3.5 Billion Years Ago: Large colonies of bacteria called Stromatolites appear in shallow oceans. They use photosynthesis to turn CO2 and water into ___ (a simple form of sugar), releasing oxygen as a byproduct.

oxygen

3.5 Billion Years Ago: Large colonies of bacteria called Stromatolites appear in shallow oceans. They use photosynthesis to turn CO2 and water into glucose, releasing ___as a byproduct.

Stromatolites

3.5 billion yrs ago, they slowly fill the ocean with oxygen

oxygen

Over 2 billion years, __ fills the oceans, turning iron into rust (creating iron-rich rock deposits)

rust

Over 2 billion years, oxygen fills the oceans, turning iron into ___(creating iron-rich rock deposits)

iron

Over 2 billion years, oxygen fills the oceans, turning ___into rust (creating iron-rich rock deposits)

iron-rich rock deposits

Over 2 billion years, oxygen fills the oceans, turning iron into rust (creating ___)

atmosphere

Over 2 billion years, oxygen fills the oceans, turning iron into rust (creating iron-rich rock deposits). The oxygen then rises into the ___. The planet’s rotation slows, making days 16 hours long.

16 hours

Over 2 billion years, oxygen fills the oceans, turning iron into rust (creating iron-rich rock deposits). The oxygen then rises into the atmosphere. The planet’s rotation slows, making days ___long.

plates

Earth’s crust breaks into ___moved by the hot core.

hot core

Earth’s crust breaks into plates moved by the ___.

Rodinia

The plates pull islands together to form the supercontinent ___. The temperature is 85°F; days are 18 hours long.

85°F

The plates pull islands together to form the supercontinent Rodinia. The temperature is ___; days are 18 hours long.

18 hours long

The plates pull islands together to form the supercontinent Rodinia. The temperature is 85°F; days are ___.

750 Million

___Years Ago: Heat from the core tears Rodinia apart.

core

750 Million Years Ago: Heat from the ___tears Rodinia into two.

CO2

750 Million Years Ago: Heat from the core tears Rodinia apart. This creates a massive number of volcanoes that pump out __. The CO2 mixes with water to create acid rain.

water

750 Million Years Ago: Heat from the core tears Rodinia apart. This creates a massive number of volcanoes that pump out CO2. The CO2 mixes with __to create acid rain.

acid rain

750 Million Years Ago: Heat from the core tears Rodinia apart. This creates a massive number of volcanoes that pump out CO2. The CO2 mixes with water to create ___.

Rocks

___absorb the acid rain/CO2, removing it from the atmosphere. Without the CO2 "blanket," temperatures drop to -60°F.

-60°F

Rocks absorb the acid rain/CO2, removing it from the atmosphere. Without the CO2 "blanket," temperatures drop to ___.

Snowball Earth

temperatures drop to -60°F. Ice sheets 10,000 feet thick cover the planet from pole to pole for 15 million years. Its the start of ___

Snowball Earth

a period beived to be the longest, coldest ice age to grip the planet

Hydrogen peroxide

___ (created by UV rays on ice) breaks down, releasing massive amounts of oxygen.

UV rays

Hydrogen peroxide (created by___ on ice) breaks down, releasing massive amounts of oxygen.

22 hours long

600 Million Years Ago: Atmosphere is warmer (summer-like); days are ___.

600 Million

___ Years Ago: Atmosphere is warmer (summer-like); days are 22 hours long.

540 Million

___ Years Ago: Primitive bacteria have evolved into complex multi-celled organisms.

multi-celled organisms

540 Million Years Ago: Primitive bacteria have evolved into complex ___.

Wiwaxia

Armored, slug-like creatures.

Trilobites

Early relatives of insects and scorpions.

Anomalocaris

A 2-foot-long predator with razor-sharp teeth.

Pikaia

An inch-long creature with a primitive spine (the ancestor of all vertebrates).

460 Million

___ Years Ago: Supercontinent Gondwana forms.

Gondwana

460 Million Years Ago: Supercontinent ___forms.

Cambrian Explosion

540 Million Years Ago (___)

Oxygen

___meets solar radiation 30 miles up, creating Ozone (O3). This layer absorbs lethal radiation, allowing life to move onto land.

solar radiation

Oxygen meets __ 30 miles up, creating Ozone (O3). This layer absorbs lethal radiation, allowing life to move onto land.

30 miles

Oxygen meets solar radiation ___ up, creating Ozone (O3). This layer absorbs lethal radiation, allowing life to move onto land.

Ozone

Oxygen meets solar radiation 30 miles up, creating ___ (O3). This layer absorbs lethal radiation, allowing life to move onto land.

Tiktaalik

a fish with a neck and limb-like fins, begins to move onto land.

small mossy lumps

are the first land plants that pump out even more oxygen

375 Million

___ Years Ago: Tiktaalik, a fish with a neck and limb-like fins, begins to move onto land.

360 Million

__ Years Ago: Tetrapods (four-legged vertebrates) become permanent land dwellers.

Tetrapods

360 Million Years Ago: ___(four-legged vertebrates) become permanent land dwellers.

Meganeura

6-foot millipedes, eagle-sized dragonflies like ___

Carboniferous Giants

High oxygen levels allow arthropods to grow to massive sizes

Amniotic Egg

A breakthrough where eggs contain their own water/nutrients, allowing animals to leave water behind. This leads to reptiles.

reptiles

Amniotic Egg: A breakthrough where eggs contain their own water/nutrients, allowing animals to leave water behind. This leads to ___.

coal

: Dense layers of dead plant matter from this period are buried and compressed into __seams over millions of years.

Scutosaurus

plant-eaters that are distant relatives of modern turtles.

Gorgonopsid

The apex predator of the era. It is described as a "perfectly engineered prehistoric killing machine" equipped with massive saber teeth.

250 Million

___ Years Ago (The Permian Extinction): A massive "flood basalt" eruption in Siberia covers an area the size of the USA in 4 miles of lava.

Permian

250 Million Years Ago (The __Extinction): A massive "flood basalt" eruption in Siberia covers an area the size of the USA in 4 miles of lava.

Siberia

250 Million Years Ago (The Permian Extinction): A massive "flood basalt" eruption in ___covers an area the size of the USA in 4 miles of lava.

Permian Extinction

• Sulfur dioxide creates acid rain.

• Global temps rise to 105°F

Permian Extinction

• Methane gas trapped under the sea melts and enters the atmosphere, making it even hotter.

• 95% of all species die.

Permian Extinction

A massive "flood basalt" eruption in Siberia

Permian Extinction

greatest mass extinction ever seen

methane

is a greenhouse gas, atleast 20 times deadlier than CO2

200 Million

___ Years Ago: The planet has healed. A new supercontinent, Pangia, exists

Pangia

200 Million Years Ago: The planet has healed. A new supercontinent, ___, exists

Tethys Ocean

190 Million Years Ago: Pangia begins to tear apart, creating the ___. Dead plankton/fish on the ocean floor are compressed into oil.

190 Million

___ Years Ago: Pangia begins to tear apart, creating the Tethys Ocean. Dead plankton/fish on the ocean floor are compressed into oil.

Pangia

190 Million Years Ago: ___begins to tear apart, creating the Tethys Ocean. Dead plankton/fish on the ocean floor are compressed into oil.

North America

180 Million Years Ago:___ splits from Africa, creating the Atlantic Ocean. A massive volcanic ridge forms in the middle of the Atlantic.

180 Million

___ Years Ago: North America splits from Africa, creating the Atlantic Ocean. A massive volcanic ridge forms in the middle of the Atlantic.

Africa

180 Million Years Ago: North America splits from ___, creating the Atlantic Ocean. A massive volcanic ridge forms in the middle of the Atlantic.

Atlantic Ocean

180 Million Years Ago: North America splits from Africa, creating the___. A massive volcanic ridge forms in the middle of the Atlantic.

Atlantic

180 Million Years Ago: North America splits from Africa, creating the Atlantic Ocean. A massive volcanic ridge forms in the middle of the ___.

shrew-like mammals

survive by living in trees or underground, hiding from dinosaurs.

65 Million

___ Years Ago: A 6-mile-wide asteroid hits the Gulf of Mexico with the force of millions of nuclear weapons.