Endocrinology Week 3

What cartilage is the thyroid gland attached to?

Cricoid

What do follicle cells of the thyroid gland make?

Thyroid hormone

What is the function of thyroid hormone?

Increases metabolic rate

What hormone is made by parafollicular cells (C cells) of the thyroid gland?

Thyrocalcitonin

What is the function of thyrocalcitonin?

Reduces blood calcium

What bone cell is stimulated by thyrocalcitonin?

Osteoblast

What is the effect of thyrocalcitonin on the kidney?

Reduced reabsorption of filtered calcium

What is the structure of thyroid hormone?

Tyrosine + iodine(s)

What type of thyroid hormone makes up the majority of thyroid secretions?

T4

What is the structure of T4?

Tyrosine + 4 iodines

What is the AKA of T4?

Thyroxine

What is the second most common type of thyroid hormone?

T3

What is the effect of T4?

Increased Oxygen consumption

Increased Waste production

Body heat and other vital sign changes

Where is iodine stored in the body?

Follicles of the thyroid gland

What hormone is made by the parathyroid glands?

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

How many parathyroid glands are there?

4

What is the function of PTH?

Increases blood calcium

What results from low serum calcium?

Hyperexcitability (hypocalcemic tetani)

What is a symptom of late stage hypocalcemia?

Convulsions and seizures

What is the effect of PTH on the stomach?

Increases calcium absorption from food

What is the effect of PTH on the kidney?

Increased calcium reabsorption

increased Vitamin D activation

Increased phosphate secretion

What part of the kidney is affected by PTH?

Distal convoluted tubule

What is Vitamin D deficiency in children?

Rickets

What is the site of T-cell activation?

Thymus

What type of immunity is created by the thymus?

Cell-mediated immunity

What is the effect of thymomas?

Autoimmune disease

What type of disease are myasthenia gravis and Lambert-eaton syndrome?

Autoimmune

What is the term for immunity regulated by B cells?

Antibody mediated immunity

Where is atrial natriuretic peptide made?

The right atrium

Why is ANP made in the right atrium, not the left?

The right atrium detects how much blood is entering the heart

What is the function of ANP?

Regulates homeostasis of body fluid volume

What gives growth hormone its permissive effect?

Somatomedins from the liver

What is the effect of insulin-like growth factor?

Anabolic activity

What is the source of gastrin?

Pyloric antral cells

What is the effect of gastrin?

Increases acid secretion from the parietal cells

What defines the oxyntic mucosa from the pyloric mucosa?

Angular notch of the stomach

What is the food-seeking urge?

Orexigenic

Where is Grehlin produced?

Stomach

What is the effect of Grehlin?

Orexigenia

Where is pepsinogen made?

Chief cells

What increases the secretion of CCK?

Food, especially fat, in the duodenum

What is the effect of Secretin?

Increases bicarbonate secretion

What is produced in the adrenal cortex?

Cortisol

Aldosterone

Sex steroids - testosterone

(The corticosteroids)

What is produced in the adrenal medulla?

Mostly epinephrine

Some norepinephrine

(The catecholamines)

What activates the adrenal medulla?

Sympathetic nerves

What is the effect of epinephrine on smooth muscle in blood vessels?

Constriction

(due to alpha receptors)

What is the effect of epinephrine on smooth muscle in the airway?

Relaxation

(due to beta 2 receptors)

What is the effect of epinephrine on the liver?

Conversion of glycogen to glucose (Glycogenolysis)

What class of hormone is aldosterone?

Mineralocorticoid

What class of hormone is cortisol?

Glucocorticoid

What is made in the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex?

Mineralocorticoids

What is made in the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex?

Glucocorticoids

What is made in the zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex?

Sex steroids (mostly testosterone)

Where does erythropoietin come from?

The kidneys

What is the effect of erythropoietin?

Causes the marrow to produce more RBCs