109. Endoderm and its derivatives.

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Endoderm is the innermost germ layer of the embryo. It gives rise to several important structures and organ systems:

  • Gastrointestinal Tract: The epithelial lining of the entire digestive tract, including the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.

  • Respiratory System: The epithelial lining of the respiratory tract, including the trachea, bronchi, and alveoli.

  • Some Endocrine Glands: Including the thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, and parts of the thymus.

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Epithelial Linings:

  • Respiratory Tract: Lining of the trachea, bronchi, and lungs.

  • Gastrointestinal Tract: Including the primitive gut, which later forms various parts of the digestive system.

  • Urinary Bladder and Proximal Part of the Urethra: Lining of these structures.

  • Thympanic Cavity and Auditory Tube: Lining of the middle ear cavity and the tube connecting the middle ear to the throat.

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Parenchyma (Functional Tissue) of Certain Glands:

  • Liver: Hepatic cells and liver architecture.

  • Pancreas: Both endocrine (insulin-producing islets) and exocrine components.

  • Large Salivary Glands: Such as the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands.

  • Some Endocrine Glands: Including the thyroid and parathyroid glands.

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Reticular Stroma:

  • Tonsils: Supportive tissue within the tonsils.

  • Thymus: Supportive framework of the thymus gland.