APUSH Per. 7 Vocab

**Atlantic Charter**

A 1941 agreement between FDR and Winston Churchill outlining the Allies' goals for the post-war world, including self-determination and economic cooperation.

**Bracero Program**

A series of agreements (1942-1964) allowing Mexican laborers to work temporarily in the United States, particularly in agriculture.

**D-Day**

The June 6, 1944 Allied invasion of Normandy, France, marking a significant turning point in World War II.

**Isolation vs. Intervention**

Debate on whether the US should remain isolated from foreign conflicts or intervene in world affairs.

**Four Freedoms**

FDR's 1941 speech outlining four essential human rights

**America First Committee**

A group advocating against US entry into World War II, promoting isolationism.

**Navajo Code Talkers**

Native American Marines who used their language to create an unbreakable code during World War II.

**Tuskegee Airmen**

The first African American military aviators in the US Army Air Corps who served with distinction in World War II.

**Dwight D. Eisenhower**

Supreme Commander of Allied forces in Europe during WWII; later became the 34th President of the United States.

**Harry S. Truman**

The 33rd US President who authorized the use of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

**Hiroshima and Nagasaki**

Japanese cities on which the US dropped atomic bombs in August 1945, leading to Japan's surrender in WWII.

**Holocaust**

The systematic genocide of six million Jews and millions of others by Nazi Germany during World War II.

**Korematsu v. U.S.**

A 1944 Supreme Court case that upheld the internment of Japanese Americans during WWII as a wartime necessity.

**Lend-Lease**

A 1941 program through which the US supplied Allied nations with materials and services during WWII.

**Cash and Carry**

A policy allowing nations at war to purchase US goods as long as they paid cash and transported them themselves.

**Neutrality Acts**

Laws passed in the 1930s to prevent US involvement in future foreign wars by restricting trade and other interactions with belligerent nations.

**Manhattan Project**

The secret US project during WWII to develop atomic bombs.

**Office of War Information**

A government agency created during WWII to promote patriotism and maintain public morale through media.

**Pearl Harbor**

A surprise attack by Japan on the US naval base in Hawaii on December 7, 1941, prompting the US to enter WWII.

**Internment camps**

Facilities where Japanese Americans were forcibly relocated and confined during WWII under Executive Order 9066.

**Executive Order 9066**

FDR's 1942 order authorizing the internment of Japanese Americans during WWII.

**Rosie the Riveter**

A cultural icon representing women who worked in factories and shipyards during WWII.

**Zoot suits**

Flashy, oversized suits worn by some young Mexican Americans in the 1940s, symbolizing cultural identity; associated with the Zoot Suit Riots.

**Yalta Conference**

A 1945 meeting between FDR, Churchill, and Stalin to plan post-WWII Europe.

**Double-V campaign**

A campaign promoting victory over fascism abroad and racial inequality at home.

**Federal Reserve**

The central banking system of the United States, established in 1913.

**Herbert Hoover**

The 31st President of the United States who struggled to combat the Great Depression.

**Rugged individualism**

Hoover's belief that individuals should help themselves without relying on government aid.

**Hawley-Smoot Tariff**

A 1930 tariff raising import duties, worsening the Great Depression by reducing international trade.

**Reconstruction Finance Corps**

A government agency established in 1932 to provide financial support to banks, industries, and public works.

**Bonus March**

A 1932 protest by WWI veterans demanding early payment of a promised bonus, forcibly dispersed by the military.

**20th Amendment**

The amendment, ratified in 1933, that changed the presidential inauguration date to January 20th.

**FDR**

Franklin D. Roosevelt, the 32nd President of the United States who implemented the New Deal to combat the Great Depression.

**Eleanor Roosevelt**

First Lady of the United States and a prominent advocate for civil rights and social reform.

**New Deal**

FDR's series of programs and reforms designed to bring relief, recovery, and reform during the Great Depression.

**Relief, reform, recovery**

The three main goals of the New Deal to provide immediate assistance, fix economic problems, and prevent future depressions.

**Bank holiday**

FDR's 1933 action to close banks temporarily to prevent runs and restore public confidence.

**Fireside chats**

FDR's radio addresses to communicate directly with the American public and explain his policies.

**AAA**

Agricultural Adjustment Act, a New Deal program to raise crop prices by paying farmers to reduce production.

**FDIC**

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, created in 1933 to insure bank deposits and restore public confidence in banks.

**PWA/WPA**

Public Works Administration and Works Progress Administration, New Deal programs to create jobs through public works projects.

**CCC**

Civilian Conservation Corps, a New Deal program that employed young men in conservation and public works projects.

**TVA**

Tennessee Valley Authority, a New Deal program that built dams and power plants to provide electricity and improve infrastructure in the Tennessee Valley.

**NRA**

National Recovery Administration, a New Deal agency that aimed to stabilize the economy by regulating industry standards and promoting fair competition.

**SEC**

Securities and Exchange Commission, established in 1934 to regulate the stock market and prevent fraud.

**FHA**

Federal Housing Administration, a New Deal agency that provided mortgage insurance to help people buy homes.

**NLRA (Wagner Act)**

National Labor Relations Act of 1935, which protected workers' rights to unionize and bargain collectively.

**Social Security Act**

A 1935 law that established a system of pensions for the elderly, unemployed, and disabled.

**Fr. Charles Coughlin**

A controversial Catholic priest and radio broadcaster who criticized FDR and the New Deal.

**Huey Long**

A Louisiana politician who advocated for wealth redistribution and criticized the New Deal for not going far enough.

**Court Packing Plan**

FDR's 1937 proposal to add more justices to the Supreme Court to secure favorable rulings for New Deal legislation.

**Dust Bowl**

A period of severe drought and dust storms in the 1930s that devastated the Great Plains and displaced thousands of farmers.

**Indian Reorganization Act**

A 1934 law that aimed to reverse the assimilation policies and restore tribal self-government and cultural preservation.

**Hoovervilles**

Shantytowns built by homeless people during the Great Depression, named after President Hoover.

A. Philip Randolph

A civil rights leader and labor organizer who led the March on Washington Movement to demand fair employment.

Dawes Plan

A 1924 plan to help Germany pay reparations after WWI by providing loans from the US and restructuring payments.

Flappers

Young women in the 1920s who challenged traditional norms with their fashion, behavior, and attitudes.

Harlem Renaissance

A cultural movement in the 1920s that celebrated African American art, literature, and music.

Ku Klux Klan

A white supremacist organization that experienced a resurgence in the 1920s, promoting racism and nativism.

Langston Hughes

A leading poet and writer of the Harlem Renaissance who explored African American life and culture.

Lost Generation

A group of disillusioned American writers in the 1920s who criticized materialism and the lack of moral values in society.

National Origins Act

A 1924 law that established immigration quotas based on nationality, favoring Western Europeans.

Scopes Trial

A 1925 trial in Tennessee over the teaching of evolution in public schools, highlighting the conflict between science and religion.

Palmer Raids

A series of raids in 1919-1920 led by Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer to arrest and deport suspected radicals and anarchists.

Dollar Diplomacy

President Taft's policy of promoting US economic interests abroad by encouraging investment in foreign countries.

Fourteen Points

President Wilson's 1918 proposal for a post-WWI peace settlement, emphasizing self-determination and a League of Nations.

Great Migration

The movement of African Americans from the rural South to the urban North during and after WWI, seeking better opportunities.

Henry Cabot Lodge

A Republican senator who opposed the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations.

League of Nations

An international organization established after WWI to promote peace and cooperation among nations.

Lusitania

A British passenger ship sunk by a German U-boat in 1915, contributing to US entry into WWI.

Marcus Garvey

A Jamaican-born black nationalist who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated for a "Back to Africa" movement.

Sacco and Vanzetti

Two Italian anarchists convicted of robbery and murder in the 1920s, whose trial and execution sparked controversy over anti-immigrant sentiment.

Palmer Raids

A series of raids in 1919-1920 led by Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer to arrest and deport suspected radicals and anarchists.

Panama Canal

A man-made waterway in Panama, completed in 1914, that connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, facilitating global maritime trade.

First Red Scare

A period of intense fear of communism and radicalism in the US after WWI, leading to widespread arrests.

Roosevelt Corollary

An extension of the Monroe Doctrine by President Theodore Roosevelt, asserting the US's right to intervene in Latin America to maintain stability.

Selective Service Act

A 1917 law requiring men to register for the draft, leading to the conscription of soldiers for WWI.

War Industries Board

A US government agency established during WWI to coordinate the production of war materials and supplies.

Zimmermann Telegram

A secret message from Germany to Mexico proposing a military alliance against the US, intercepted by the British and contributing to US entry into WWI.

Espionage and Sedition Acts

Laws passed during WWI to suppress dissent and punish those who criticized the government or interfered with the war effort.

Schenck v. United States

A 1919 Supreme Court case that upheld the Espionage Act, ruling that free speech could be limited during wartime if it posed a "clear and present danger."

Lincoln Steffans

A muckraking journalist known for his work exposing political corruption in American cities.

Ida Tarbell

A pioneering investigative journalist whose work led to the breakup of the Standard Oil Company monopoly.

Jacob Riis

A social reformer and journalist who documented the living conditions of the urban poor in his book "How the Other Half Lives."

Australian/secret ballot

A voting method in which a voter's choices are confidential, reducing the risk of coercion and vote-buying.

Direct primary

A primary election in which voters, not party officials, choose the candidates who will run for office.

Robert Lafollett

A Progressive politician known for his advocacy for government reforms and opposition to corporate power.

17th Amendment

The 1913 amendment to the US Constitution that established the direct election of US Senators by popular vote.

Initiative

A process that allows citizens to propose and vote on legislation directly, bypassing the legislature.

Referendum

A process that allows citizens to approve or reject laws passed by the legislature.

Recall

A procedure that allows voters to remove elected officials from office before their term ends.

Prohibition

The period from 1920 to 1933 when the production, sale, and transport of alcoholic beverages were banned in the United States.

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

A 1911 factory fire in New York City that killed 146 workers and led to improved industrial safety standards.

Square Deal

President Theodore Roosevelt's domestic program focused on conservation, control of corporations, and consumer protection.

Trust-busting

Government actions to break up monopolies and restore competition in the marketplace.

Upton Sinclair

An author whose 1906 novel "The Jungle" exposed unsanitary conditions in the meatpacking industry.

The Jungle

Upton Sinclair's novel that led to federal food safety reforms.

Pure Food and Drug Act

A 1906 law that regulated the labeling and quality of food and drugs sold in the United States.

Meat Inspection Act

A 1906 law that established sanitary standards for the meatpacking industry and federal inspection of meat products.

Eugene Debs

A labor leader and socialist who ran for President of the United States multiple times.