Biology CLEP

CLEP Website: https://clep.collegeboard.org/clep-exams/biology

What type of bond joins oxygen to hydrogen within a single water molecule?

polar covalent bond

Why is the bond between oxygen and hydrogen within a single water molecule a polar covalent bond?

The oxygen atom has a higher electronegativity than the hydrogen atoms, causing the shared electrons to be pulled closer to the oxygen, resulting in a partial negative charge on the oxygen and a partial positive charge on each hydrogen. This is an unequal sharing of electrons.

Polar Covalent Bond

A type of chemical bond where electrons are shared unequally between two atoms due to a difference in their electronegativity, resulting in one atom having a slightly positive charge and the other having a slightly negative charge. One atom pulls the shared electrons closer to itself more strongly than the other atom does

Nonpolar covalent bond

A type of chemical bond where two atoms share electrons equally, meaning there is no uneven distribution of electrical charge between the atoms involved, typically occurring when the atoms have similar electronegativity values; essentially, both atoms “pull” on the shared electrons with the same force. Key points: EQUAL ELECTRON SHARING and SIMILAR ELECTRONEGATIVITY

Peptide bond

A covalent bond that links amino acids together to form a protein

Ionic Bond

Results from the attraction between oppositely charged ions

Hydrogen Bond

A dipole-dipole attraction between molecules, not a covalent bond to a hydrogen atom. Results from the attractive force between a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to a very electronegative atom such as N, O, or F and another electronegative atom.

Dipole-Dipole

Polar molecules align so that the positive end of one molecule interacts with the negative end of another molecule. Weaker than ionic or covalent but stronger than London and ion-ion. Not very effective in the gaseous state because molecules are far apart.

The smallest unit of matter that has the properties of a particular element is a/n

atom

A carbohydrate monomer is called a/n

monosaccharide

Carbosaccharide

Organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Main source of energy for the body (controls blood glucose and insulin metabolism) and structural components in plants (glucose chains in amylose and amylopectin)

Monosaccharide

The simplest form of carbohydrates, which are simple sugars. Examples include glucose and fructose.

What are glucose and fructose?

Monosaccharides

Monohydrate

A chemical term for a substance that contains one molecule of water for each molecule of combining compound.

What substances are monohydrates found in?

creatine and dextrose (sweetener, energy source and bulking agent)

What are monohydrates used for?

To improve muscular endurance, recovery and energy levels

How are monohydrates made?

They are made outside the body from sarcosine and cyanamide. Then these compounds are heated and pressurized in a reactor to form creatine crystals.

Amino Acide

molecules that combine to form proteins. The result of proteins being digested or broken down

Polypeptide

A chain of amino acids that are linked together by peptide bonds. Essential for the structure and function of cells and tissues.

Which of the following RNA sequences would bond to this DNA strand?: AATAG

UUAUC

DNA and RNA base pairing

• Adenine (A) always pairs with thymine (T) in DNA and uracil in DNA

• Guanine (G) always pairs with cytosine (C) in both DNA and RNA

• The key difference is that DNA uses thymine while RNA uses uracil as its complementary base to adenine

DNA base pairs

Adenine (A) with Thymine (T), Guanine (G) with Cytosine (C)

RNA base pairs

Adenine (A) with Uracil (U), Guanine (G) with Cytosine

Importance of DNA and RNA base pairs

This complimentary base pairing is crucial for maintaining the structure of DNA and RNA molecules, as well as for processes like transcription (copying DNA into RNA) and translation (converting RNA into proteins)

Transcription

The process of creating an RNA molecule from a DNA template

AAUAG

TTATC

UUAUC

AATAG

TTATG

AAUAC

AATAG

UUAUC

A covalent bond occurs when

two atoms share electrons between them, effectively filling their outer electron shells and achieving stability by forming electron pairs

Two atoms are attracted to each other

chemical bond

One atom donates an electron to another

Ionic bond

Two atoms share an electron

Covalent bond

One atom steals an electron from another

Ionic bond

What property of water allows life to exist in a lake when temperature is below freezing?

Solid ice has a lower density compared to its liquid state. The ice floats on water, creating an insulating layer on the surface and allowing aquatic life to survive in the liquid water below the ice.

The nearly universal nature of the genetic code supports the view that

all living organisms on Earth share a common ancestor

Structure and Function of Cell Organelles

• cell basics

• Cytoplasm and cell membrane

• Nucleus

• Ribosomes

• Endoplasmic Reticulum

• Golgi apparatus

• Mitochondria and chloroplasts

• Cytoskeleton Cell Wall

Properties of cell membranes

• membrane basics

• selective permeability

• transport basics

• passive transport

• active transport

Comparison of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

• cell basics

• prokaryotic cell characteristics

• eukaryotic cell characteristics

Castes

specialized groups within a social insect colony, each with a distinct function and morphology like the queen, workers and soldiers in an ant colony

Arthropod

A phylum. Possess an exoskeleton with a cuticle made of chitin, differentiated segments and paired jointed appendages

Thermal stratification

The formation of distinct, stable layers in a body of water (like a lake or ocean) due to temperature differences, with warmer, less dense water at the surface and colder, denser water at the bottom

Batesian mimicry

A harmless species mimicking a dangerous one for predator avoidance

Mullerian mimicry

Multiple harmful species sharing similar warning signals, both benefiting from reduced predator learning costs

The aerobic cellular respiration of glucose is different from the simple burning of glucose in that the aerobic respiration of glucose does which of the following?

• occurs at a lower temperature

• releases no heat

• releases more energy

• requires no oxygen

• releases hydrocarbons

occurs at a lower temperature

Aposematic coloration

An adaptation where animals signal their unpalatability or danger to predators through conspicuous colors or patterns

Agonistic behavior includes these behaviors

aggression, threat, appeasement, avoidance

Agonistic Behavior

The complex of behaviors, including aggression, threat, appeasement and avoidance that occur during conflicts or contests between members of the same species

Appeasement

Behaviors that signal submission or a lack of aggressive intent, such as rolling on the back, lowering the head, or presenting the neck

Cryptic coloration

A defense strategy where organisms use color patterns and textures to blend in with their surroundings, making themselves harder to spot by predators or prey

The path of urine out of the kidney

ureter → bladder → urethra → out

Stamen

Male reproductive organ in plants

Pistil

The female reproductive organ in plants

PMAT (C)

Prophase, metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase (Cytokinesis)

King Philip Can Order Fried Goat Sometimes

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

What makes up the four biomolecules

CHO-CHO-CHON-CHONP

mEiosis

E for egg, sex cells

mItosis

I for identical ccells

Analogous

structures or traits in different species that have similar functions but evolved independently, not from a common ancestor, due to convergent evolution

Homologous

similar structures in different species that share a common evolutionary origin

Convergent

Organisms that aren’t closely related evolve similar features or behaviors, often as solutions to the same problems. The process can result in matching body shapes, color patterns or abilities

Divergent

When individuals in one species, or closely related species, acquire enough variations in their traits that it leads to two distinct new species

Enzyme

A protein produced by cells of living organisms. It functions as a catalyst, accelerating or instigating specific biochemical reactions within an organism

What protein produced by the cells of living organisms functions as a catalyst, accelerating or instigating specific biochemical reactions within an organism?

Enzyme

Eukaryote

Cells that contain membrane-bound organelles, including a true nucleus enclosed by a nuclear envelope and a mitochondrion that acts as an energy-producing powerhouse of the cell

Pinocytosis

A form of endocytosis in which cells engulf extracellular fluid that is not permeable through the cell membrane

Cytokinesis

A division of a parent cell’s cytoplasm that occurs after mitosis is complete

Daughter cell

During mitosis, a parent cell divides into two genetically identical daughter cells, which contain the same type and number of chromosomes as the parent

Histones

Proteins that are found in chromatin and function as spools around which DNA strands can wrap themselves. They organize DNA strands into structures known as nucleosomes

Germline mutation

An inherited mutation that arises from alterations made to the sperm and egg cells; it is transmitted to offspring

Lysosome

A membrane-bound organelle created by the Golgi apparatus and used to break down food material found in animal cells that contain enzymes

Lagging strand

The strand of DNA that undergoes replication discontinuously in fragments during the elongation process

Pluripotency

The ability of a stem cell to give rise to multiple specialized cell types

Allele

One version of a pair of genes that is found on the same spot on a chromosome and controls the same trait in an organism. Individual inherit one of these from each parent.

Allosome

Refers to the X and Y chromosomes, which determine the sex of an offspring. All other nonsex chromosomes are called autosomes

Plasmid

DNA-containing molecules that are separate from chromosomal DNA and replicate independently. They are typically small, circular, form in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes, and commonly used in genetic engineering techniques

Adaptive radiation

A major mechanism of evolution in which a gene pool rapidly diversifies when a species is introduced to a new environment and must fill multiple new ecological niches

Background extinction rate

Teh background extinction rate is a measurement of how often species become extinct during a period of time

Incomplete dominance

A form of inheritance that occurs when one allele is not completely dominant over another allele, which results in a phenotype that expresses elements of both alleles

Epistasis

This occurs when a modifier gene expresses an expressed phenotype of another gene

Lysosome

A membrane bound organelle created by the Golgi apparatus and used to break down food material found in animal cells that contain enzymes