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Biomedicine
Human Sciences - A field of study focused on the application of biological and physiological principles to clinical practice.
Muscular System
The organ system that enables humans and other animals to move using the muscular and skeletal systems.
Types of Muscles
The three types of muscles in the human body are skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles.
Striated Muscle
Muscle tissue that has a striped appearance under a microscope, including skeletal and cardiac muscles.
Non-Striated Muscle
Muscle tissue that does not have a striped appearance, such as smooth muscle.
Skeletal Muscle
A type of striated muscle that is under voluntary control and is responsible for movement at joints.
Cardiac Muscle
A type of striated muscle found only in the heart, which is involuntary and autorhythmic.
Smooth Muscle
Non-striated muscle found in the walls of hollow organs, under involuntary control.
Muscle Functions
Key functions of muscles include movement, maintaining posture, heat production, storage of substances, and movement of substances.
Contractility
The ability of muscle tissue to contract or shorten.
Excitability
The ability of muscle tissue to respond to stimuli, such as nerve impulses.
Extensibility
The ability of muscle tissue to stretch without being damaged.
Elasticity
The ability of muscle tissue to return to its original length and shape after contraction or extension.
Sarcomere
The basic unit of striated muscle tissue, consisting of actin and myosin filaments.
Myofibrils
Cylindrical structures within muscle fibers made of bundles of protein filaments that are contractile.
Myofilaments
The smaller filaments within myofibrils, including actin (thin) and myosin (thick) filaments.
Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ)
The synapse where motor neurons meet muscle fibers, facilitating muscle contraction.
Sliding Filament Model
A theory explaining muscle contraction through the sliding of actin and myosin filaments over each other.
Muscle Hypertrophy
The increase in muscle size due to strength training and hormonal influences.
Aerobic Respiration
A process that requires oxygen to produce ATP, occurring in the mitochondria.
Anaerobic Respiration
A process that occurs without oxygen, producing ATP and lactic acid, typically during intense exercise.
Creatine Phosphate
An energy storage form in muscles that provides a quick source of energy during short bursts of activity.
Muscle Fatigue
A condition resulting from overuse of muscle fibers, leading to decreased performance and pain.
Impingement Syndrome
A shoulder condition characterized by pain and limited movement due to inflammation of rotator cuff tendons.
Fibromyalgia
A chronic pain disorder associated with widespread musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, and other symptoms.
Muscular Dystrophies
A group of inherited diseases causing progressive muscle degeneration and weakness.
Myasthenia Gravis
An autoimmune disease affecting the neuromuscular junction, leading to fluctuating muscle weakness.
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