Academic Vocabulary for Comparisons, Conditions, Trends, and Data Analysis

A comprehensive set of practice flashcards covering vocabulary for describing differences, conditions, and statistical trends based on the lecture material.

What is the definition of the verb 'differ'?

To be different from something else (v)

How is the noun 'contrast' defined?

A clear difference between two things when compared (n)

What does it mean to 'differentiate'?

To recognise or show the difference between things (v)

What is the definition of 'distinguish'?

To notice or understand the difference between two things (v)

How is 'distinction' defined?

A clear difference or separation between things (n)

What is the definition of 'difference'?

The way in which two things are not the same (n)

What does the verb 'discriminate' mean?

To treat a group unfairly; to distinguish between things (v)

How is the phrase 'by way of contrast' used?

A phrase used to introduce a contrasting comparison

What is the definition of the adjective 'similar'?

Almost the same but not exactly the same (adj)

What does the adjective 'identical' mean?

Exactly the same in every detail (adj)

What does the phrase 'tell apart' mean?

To see the difference between two very similar things (phrase)

How is 'in common' defined?

Shared by two or more people or things (phrase)

What is a 'discrepancy'?

A difference between two things that should be the same (n)

What does the idiom 'chalk and cheese' mean?

Completely different from each other (idiom)

What is the function of the conjunction 'whereas'?

Conjunction used to contrast two facts in one sentence

What are the meanings of 'provided (that)' and 'providing (that)'?

Only if; on the condition that (conj)

How is 'as long as' defined?

Only if a particular thing happens or is true (phrase)

What does 'on condition that' mean?

Only if a specific requirement is met (phrase)

What is the definition of the conjunction 'unless'?

Except if; a condition that would prevent something (conj)

How is 'in the event that' defined?

If something happens — often something unexpected (phrase)

What does the adverb 'otherwise' signify?

If not; used to warn of a consequence (adv)

What is the meaning of 'in case'?

As a precaution against something that might happen (phrase)

In formal writing, what does the conditional verb 'should' mean?

Used in formal writing to mean 'if … were to happen' (v)

How is 'given that' defined?

Taking into account the fact that (phrase)

What does 'assuming (that)' mean?

If we accept that something is true (conj)

What is the meaning of 'whether or not'?

Regardless of which of two alternatives is true (phrase)

How is 'only if' defined?

Under no other circumstances than this (phrase)

What does 'so long as' mean?

With the condition that; provided that (phrase)

What is the definition of 'rise'?

To move upward or increase in amount (v)

What does the verb 'fall' mean?

To decrease; to go down in level or amount (v)

How is 'increase' defined?

To become larger in number, amount, or degree (v)

What is the definition of 'decrease'?

To become smaller in number or amount (v)

What does it mean to 'surge'?

To increase suddenly and very steeply (v/n)

What does 'plummet' mean?

To fall very quickly and steeply (v)

What is the definition of 'fluctuate'?

To change repeatedly and irregularly between levels (v)

What is a 'plateau' in the context of data?

To reach a level where there is little or no further change (v/n)

What does it mean to 'recover'?

To return to a better condition after a fall (v)

How is the phrasal verb 'level off' defined?

To stop increasing or decreasing and become stable (phrasal v)

What is the definition of the adjective 'steady'?

Happening in a gradual, regular way without sudden changes (adj)

How is 'gradual' defined?

Happening slowly over a long period; not sudden (adj)

What does the adjective 'dramatic' mean?

Very sudden and significant in scale (adj)

What is the definition of 'marginal'?

Very small and barely significant (adj)

What does 'substantial' mean?

Large in size, value, or importance (adj)

How is the adjective 'slight' defined?

Small in degree; not very large or important (adj)

What is the definition of 'significant'?

Important or noticeable enough to have an effect (adj)

What does 'account for' mean in statistics?

To represent a particular amount or proportion of something (phrasal v)

How is 'stand at' defined?

To be at a particular level or amount at a specific time (phrase)

What does the verb 'represent' mean?

To be equal to or amount to something (v)

What is the noun 'proportion'?

A part or share of a whole; a ratio (n)

What is a 'figure' in data contexts?

A number or statistical value used in data (n)

What does 'compare with' mean?

To examine similarities or differences between two things (phrase)

How is the adverb 'overall' defined?

Taking everything into account; in general (adv)

What is the definition of 'respectively'?

In the order already mentioned (adv)

How is the phrase 'in contrast' used?

Used to show a clear difference when comparing (phrase)

What is the definition of 'notably'?

Especially; in a way that deserves particular attention (adv)

What does 'exceed' mean?

To be greater than a number or amount (v)

How is 'approximate' defined?

Close to the actual amount but not exact (adj)

What is a 'trend'?

A general direction in which something is changing or developing (n)

What is the definition of 'peak'?

The highest point or level; to reach the highest point (n/v)

In the condition example for borrowing a car, what is the required return time?

$$6\,pm$$

According to the transcript, by what percentage did the population increase last year?

$$3\%$$

What percentage of the country's GDP does tourism account for in the provided example?

$$15\%$$

At what percentage did the unemployment rate stand in March according to the transcript?

$$4.2\%$$

What percentage increase on last year do the figures represent in the example?

$$10\%$$

What were the specific percentages for men and women mentioned in the notes?

$42\%$ and $38\%$

By what percentage did the actual figure exceed the projected total?

$$20\%$$

What was the approximate figure for part-time workers per week?

Around $30\,hours$

At what week-rate, and in which year, did the figure peak in the transcript example?

$45\,hours$ per week in $1998$