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Identify the statement of goals of governmental public health in America

To prevent epidemics and spread of disease

To protect against environemntal hazards

To prevent injuries

To promote and encourage healthy behjaviors

To respons to disasters and assist communitites in recovery

To ensure the quality and accessibility of health serivces.

Identify the three major concerns of governmental public health in america

health protection - protects human populations from harmful agents, toxic materials, and hazardous environments.

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Health improvement or health promotion - recognizes environmental conditions and lifestyles that influenced health and takes steps to modify the environment or encourage individuals to modify their lifestle that will benefit helath.

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health services - identify health service that is needed by a particular population by assessing the present and future incidence of disease

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assesses the effectiveness of health services

Identify the three core public health functions based on the Institute of Medicine

Assessment - obtainng data that defines the ehalth of the popualtion overall and specific groups within

Policy development - developing evidence based recommendations and other analyses of option to guide implementation

Assurance - oversight responsibility for ensuring key opponents of an effective health system.

Identify the 10 essential services of public health

Asssessment -

1\.) Monitor health status to identify and solve community health problems

2\.) Diagonse and investigate health problems and health hazards in the community.

Policy devlopment:

3\.) inform, educate, and empower people about health issues.

4\.) Mobilize community partnerships and actions to identify and solve halth problems

5\.) Develop policies an dplans tha tsupport individual and community health efforts.

Assurance

6\.) Enforce laws and regulations that protect health and ensure safety

7\.) Link people to needed personal servuices and ensure the provision of health care when other wise unavailable

8\.) Ensure the provision of a competent public and personal health care work force

9\.) Evaluate effectiveness, accessibility, and quality of personal and popualtion - based health services. (all three IOM) cire functions

10\.) Research for new insights and innovative siliutions to health problems.

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How does Non-governmental Organizations play an important role in public health? What are the recent increasing emphasis of the role of NGO's, and government.

It plays an important role via educational programs and lobbying.

There’s an increase emphasis community involvement in

* public health planning
* Generating support for and participation in public health activities.

What is the the most common local agency?

county health department or city health department

In many states, laws assign which public health agencies the responsiblity for providing medical care to the poor? In these cases, explain why this role may distract these agencies from performing their assessment and policy devleopment functions?

Local public health agencies because it tends to consume excessive resource.

Where the source of funds for local public health agencies come from

It varies widely among states. However, federal government may fund som elocal health department activities directly, or federal funds may be passed on from the states

A portion of it comes from local property and sales taxes, and fees that the dpeartment charges for some services.

Why is it important to educate the local legislative body about public health and its importance

Because city or county legislatures may NOT understand the iportance of core publci health functions.

The states have the pimary constitutional responsibnlty and authority fo rthe protection of the health, safety, and general welfare of the population. Which state departments is mainly responsible for that?

State health departments.

How different states handle this primary constitutional reponsibility and authority for the protecvtio of the health, safety, and general welfare of the population?

Some states have seperate agencies for social serives, aging, mental health,etc whcih is not good because it leads to conflict.

* Some state health departments are strongly centralized.
* Other states degate much of their authority to the local departments.

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State help departments depend heavily on federal funds, what are some of the responsiblithey have in order to pr. otect the health, safety, and general welfare of the population.

Set policies, to be followed by local agencies,

provide funding to local agencies,

collects and analayzes the data provided by the lcoal agncies

running publc health laboratroy and providiidng laboaraotry services

etc.

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In a federal level. most traditional public health activities fall under which jurisdiction?

Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) aka the health department.

In a federal level, what is the goal of the HHS

it has the goal of protecting the health of all americans and providing essential human services.

who runs the HHS

The HHS is run by the united staes SECRETARRY of Health adn Human Services

Who is the Deputy Secretary of Department of Health and Human services.

The secretary and Dep are assissted by SEVEN assisstant secreataries of Health.. who serve as top departmenatl adminstrators and who oversee the Public health services.

The public Health service act of 1944 strucuted the ___________ founded in 1798, as the primary division of the U.S Dpeartment of Health, Education and Welfare (HEW)

The united states public health service (PHS)

HEW later become the ___________

United States department of Health and Human services (HHS) in 1979-\`1980.

The publlic Helath serivce comprises all agency Divisions of health and Human services and the Commisioned Corps. Name some of them that are under the Department of. Health and Human services.

Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

Food and rug ADMIN (FDA)

National Institute s of Health.

Explain Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (cdc) and its responsibilites. They are a federal agency uner which department?

They are a federal agency uner the department of Human and Health Services (HHS).

Its mission is to contorl and prevent human diseases

Its main goal is to protect public health and safethy thorugh the cnotorl and prevention of disease, injury, and disabiilty.

What do Centers for Disease Control and Prevention focus national attention on?

It focuses national attention on developing and applyuing disease contorl and prevention about

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Infectious diseases,

food b ornse pathogens,

environemtnal health. occupational safety and health,

health promotion,

etc.

What is the name of one of the 12 centers, institute and offices in teh Cnters for Disease Contorl and pRevention (CDC) umbrella that is oncisdered the National authority for collecting, analyzing and disseminating healht data for the U.S

National Center for health statistics.

who empowered food and drug administration why?

It was empowered by the United States Congress to enforce the Federal Food, Drug, and Cometic Act. whcih serves as the primary focus for the Agency.

Which of the following aspects of the medical system are not considered part of health policy and \n management?

Risk Factors.

Public health’s approach to health problems in a community has been described as a 5-step \n process. Which are they? List and explain one by one.

1. Define the health problem
2. Identify the risk factors associated with the problem
3. Develop and test community-level interventions to control or prevent the cause of the problem
4. Implement interventions to improve the health of the population
5. Monitor those interventions to assess their effectiveness

A main task of prevention is to develop interventions designed to prevent specific problems that \n have been identified. How and who identify these specific problems?

Public Health Prevention and Intervention team either through an assessment process initiated by a \n public health agency or through community concern raised by an unusual course of events \n

Explain the role of environmental health.

It is concerned with preventing the spread of disease through water, air, and food \n  It is not strictly a separate science, because it shares concerns about the spread if infectious \n organisms with biomedical science and depends on epidemiology to track environmental \n causes of disease outbreak. \n  It is usually considered a separate area of public health \n  Examples: \n a. Safety of drinking water \n b. Disposal of toxic chemicals \n c. Control of air pollution

Explain the biomedical sciences role in public health.

A major proportion of human disease is caused by microorganisms \n  Prevention and control of these diseases in a population require an understanding of how \n these infectious agents are spread and how they affect the human body \n  Its research is important in providing an understanding and control of infections and \n noninfectious diseases such as cancer and heart disease \n  Examples: \n a. Infectious disease control \n b. Human genetics \n c. Understanding mechanisms of chronic disease

Epidemiology is part of what function of public health? \n

Assessment

The scientific knowledge on which public health is based spans a broad range of professional \n disciplines. The disciplines of public health can be divided somewhat into 6 areas. Which are they? \n Using your own words explain each one of them.

* Epidemiology
* (Bio)statistics
* Biomedical Sciences
* Environmental Health Sciences
* Social and Behavioral Sciences
* - Health Policy Management (or Health Administration)

Public Health is based on science!!! Explain this statement. Even when public health scientists are \n certain they know about the causes of a problem and what should be done about it, what is the next \n step that is necessary to happen in order for any action to be taken to solve it?

• Science is:

* how we understand threats to health,
* determine what interventions might work, and
* evaluate whether the interventions worked
• Politics is how we as a society make decisions about what policies to implement

One of many responsibilities of Public Health (according to the Institute of Medicine report) is to \n educate the public and politicians. Why? How?

“The crucial role that a strong public health capacity must play in maintaining and improving the \n health of the public... by its very nature, public health requires support by members of the public – its \n beneficiaries”

What are the Public Health measures that have contributed most to people being healthier today \n than they were a century ago are?

There are a number of reasons why people's lives are healthier today than they were 150 years ago:
Sanitation, better nutrition, and occupational safety

* cleaner water, air, food;
* safe disposal of sewage;
* better nutrition;
* more knowledge concerning healthy and unhealthy behaviors; and many others
Most of these factors fall in the domain of public health.

Effective Public Health programs clearly save money on medical costs in addition to saving lives!!! \n Explain this statement.

Public health contributes a great deal more to the health of population than medicine does \n The life expectancy of Americans has increased from 45 to 75 years over the course of 20th century: \n • 5% of those 30 additional years can be attributed to the work of the medical care system \n • The majority of the gain has come from improvement in public health (better nutrition,

Public health activities increased after September 11 2001. However, whenever there is a budget \n crisis serious decisions are made by the government. Explain some of the decisions that are made \n towards governmental funds allocated to public health programs.

Public health activities increased after September 11 2001 – but the budget deficits are putting \n downward pressure on public health allocations

Explain the relationship between politics and public health?

Politics is an essential element of democratic governance
 Public Health focuses on prevention!!!
 Governments:

* provide pure water and efficient sewage disposal,
* regulates the safety of the food supply
* ensure the quality of medical services
* ensure laws to regulate people's behavior to prevent them from injuring each other
* ensure laws to require immunization of school-aged children to prevent the spread of
infectious diseases
* sponsor research and education programs on causes and prevention of disease

Explain the organizational framework of public health.

The organizational framework of public health encompasses “both activities undertaken within the \n formal structure of government and the associated efforts of private and voluntary organizations and \n individuals”

Does Public health have any role in the response to the crashing of two airplanes into the World \n Trade Center?

Yes, it does!

\n True (A) or false (B), statistics can be used to calculate health risks

true

True (A) or false (B), most data collected by the government is used for political purposes \n

False

True (A) or false (B), the population of the United States is less healthy than many other developed \n countries

True

True (A) or false (B), the government collects extensive data on births and deaths of its people

True

Explain how Community-Based Participatory Research works.

• Community members are involved in all phases of the research process, contributing their expertise \n while sharing ownership and responsibility \n • Assist in the building of trust, knowledge, and skills to facilitate the development and implementation \n of interventions

Describe the six sequential steps of Community-oriented primary care (COPC) model

1. Community definition
– How is the community defined based on common characteristics, i.e., geography?
2. Community characterization
– What are the demographics and health issues?
3. Prioritization
– What are the most important health issues? How can they be prioritized based on objective
data and perceived need?
4. Detailed assessment of the selected health problem
– What are the most effective interventions for addressing the problem?
5. Intervention
– What strategies will be used to implement the intervention?
6. Evaluation
– How can the success be measure

How Can Public Health Agencies Partner with Health Care to Improve the Response to Health \n Problems?

Clinicians and public health professionals share a common commitment to: \n  Evidence-based thinking \n  Cost-effective delivery of services \n  Providing quality services to the entire population and eliminating health disparities \n  Computerized and confidential data systems \n • Community-oriented primary care (COPC) model \n  Expand the delivery of health services from a focus on the individual to also include an \n additional focus on the needs of communities \n  To connect the common commitments of public health and medicine

llustrate the need for collaboration by governmental public health agencies with other \n governmental and nongovernmental organizations

• Collaboration needs to be an everyday effort \n – Not just a requirement for emergencies or epidemics \n • Must coordinate local, state, federal, and global public health agencies into one unified effort \n – As evidenced by the public health response to SARS by the World Health \n Organization (WHO), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), national agencies, \n and local agencies

Identify roles in public health for federal agencies not identified as health

• The American Red Cross \n – Collects blood donations \n – Obtains donations, mobilizes volunteers, and publicizes the need for disaster assistance \n • Doctors without Borders & Physicians for Social Responsibility \n – Physician groups that advocate, seek funding, and address ethical implementation of programs \n • Advocacy groups \n – Advocate for public health interventions and aim to influence policy decisions \n • Private Organizations such as the American Cancer Society, The American Heart Association, and \n the March of Dimes \n – Provide public health education, support research, develop evidence-based recommendations, \n and other services \n  CARE® International Relief is a global humanitarian organization providing disaster relief to areas in \n crisis, while providing long-term solutions to poverty around the world. \n o Works around the globe to save lives, defeat poverty and achieve social justice. \n o Provide services and advocate for global health-related crises \n  Oxfam International is a confederation of 20 independent charitable organizations focusing on the \n alleviation of global poverty \n  Private & Philanthropic foundations such as: \n  Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation \n  Robert Wood Johnson Foundation \n  Rockefeller Foundation \n  Pew Charitable Trusts \n  Kaiser Family Foundation \n  Commonwealth Fund \n  Fund public health efforts and stimulate government funding \n \n

Name some of the Philanthropic Foundations that also work collaboratively with United States \n Federal agencies, departments and Nongovernmental Public Health Organizations.

 Rockefeller Foundation \n  Robert Wood Johnson Foundation \n  Pew Charitable Trusts \n  Kaiser Family Foundation \n  Commonwealth Fund \n  Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation

Name some of the Nongovernmental Public Health Organizations that also work collaboratively \n with United States Federal agencies and departments.

 American Cancer Society, \n  American Heart Association, \n  American Diabetes Association, \n  Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Association, \n  American Medical Association, \n  American Nurses Association, \n  American Public Health Association, and \n  Consumer groups \n

What other government departments (executive cabinets) are involved in health issues?

Department of Homeland Security \n – Preparation and response to disasters and terrorism \n • Department of Housing and Urban Development \n – Influences the built environment and its impacts on health \n • Department of Energy \n – Sets radiation safety standards for nuclear power plants and other sources of energy \n