Pharm Exam 2

Antibiotics

Drugs that inhibit the growth of specific bacteria or cause the death of susceptible bacteria.

Inflammatory Response

The body's response to invading bacteria, leading to activation and recruitment of immune cells.

Culture and Sensitivity Testing

A laboratory test to identify the specific bacteria causing an infection and determine the appropriate antibiotic.

Gram positive or gram negative

Aerobic

Bacteria that need oxygen to survive.

Anaerobic

Bacteria that do not use oxygen.

Beta-Lactam Antibiotics

A class of antibiotics that inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis; includes penicillins and cephalosporins.

Penicillins

A group of antibiotics effective against gram-positive and some gram-negative bacteria, known for their role in treating various infections.

Aminoglycosides

A class of antibiotics effective against gram-negative bacteria, known for their strong bactericidal effects.

Cephalosporins

Beta-lactam antibiotics categorized into generations, effective against a range of bacterial infections.

Macrolides

A class of antibiotics that interfere with protein synthesis and are effective against various gram-positive infections.

Sulfonamides

Antibiotics that inhibit folic acid synthesis; used for treating urinary tract infections and other bacterial infections.

Tetracyclines

Broad-spectrum antibiotics effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, used for various infections.

Clindamycin

An antibiotic that interferes with bacterial protein synthesis, effective against certain gram-positive bacteria and anaerobes.

Vancomycin

A glycopeptide antibiotic effective against gram-positive bacteria, often used for serious infections like MRSA.

Metronidazole

An antibiotic effective against anaerobic infections and protozoal infections, with specific side effects and drug interactions.

CNS Effects of Fluoroquinolones

Adverse effects of fluoroquinolones, including depression and insomnia.

Drug-Drug Interactions

Potential interactions between medications that could affect their effectiveness or cause adverse effects.

Tetracylcine

end in “-cycline”

Do not take with calcium or Magnesium

DO NOT GIVE TO CHILDREN (damages bone and teeth)

A broad-spectrum antibiotic used to treat a variety of bacterial infections, including MRSA and Lyme disease. It should be taken on an empty stomach and avoided in children due to potential damage to bones and teeth.

Penicillins

Beta lactam antibiotics

Strep, Staph, pneumococcal infections

ends in “-cillin”

Consider allergies and renal impairment

Safe for pregnancy and breastfeeding, may cause rash.

Commonly used for bacterial infections, including those caused by Gram-positive bacteria.

They inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis.

Fluroquinolones

ends in “-floxacin”

Cause Achilles Tendon Rupture and may lead to other tendon injuries.

A class of broad-spectrum antibiotics that inhibit bacterial DNA gyrase, effective against a variety of infections such as respiratory and urinary tract infections. They include drugs like ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin, and should be avoided in pregnant women and individuals with a history of tendon issues due to the risk of Achilles tendon rupture.

Aminoglycosides

A class of antibiotics that inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. They are effective against aerobic Gram-negative bacteria and include drugs like gentamicin and amikacin. Aminoglycosides can cause nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity, and monitoring of kidney function is recommended.

ends in “-mycin, -micin”

They are typically used for serious infections and may require monitoring for toxicity.

Serious infections

Vancomycin

A glycopeptide antibiotic used primarily to treat serious infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria, including MRSA. It inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis and is often reserved for resistant infections.

RED MAN SYNDROME (occurs if given too quickly), may cause nephrotoxicity and requires monitoring of renal function. Ototoxicity may also occur, especially with prolonged use. ————- is usually administered intravenously for severe infections.

Macrolides

Ends in “-thromycin” Fidaxomicin

Side effects include gastrointestinal disturbances and potential liver toxicity. ———- are a class of antibiotics effective against a variety of bacterial infections, including respiratory and skin infections, and are often used as alternatives to penicillin.

Cephalosporins

A class of antibiotics that are structurally and functionally related to penicillin. They are used to treat a wide range of infections. They inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis and are categorized into generations, each with varying efficacy against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

Broad Spectrum

Bactericide and Bacteriostatic

Can cause C.Diff

phlebitis risk

Skin and urinary infections

Sulfonamides

commonly used to treat urinary tract infections and some respiratory infections.

Steven Johnson’s Syndrome

Not used much due to resistance

Metronidazole

An antibiotic and antiprotozoal medication used primarily to treat bacterial infections, particularly anaerobic bacteria, and certain parasitic infections. It is effective against conditions such as bacterial vaginosis and Clostridium difficile infections.

DO NOT DRINK ALCOHOL- causes violent vomiting that can last up to 48 hours

and should be avoided during treatment. It also has potential side effects including nausea, headache, and a metallic taste.

Liver impairment may increase the risk of toxicity. It is important to monitor liver function during treatment.

Aminoglycosides (MEDS)

Gentamicin

Amikacin

Tobramycin

Neomycin

Streptomycin

A class of antibiotics used primarily to treat serious infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria. They work by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis and are often used in combination with other antibiotics.

Macrolides (MEDS)

Azithromycin, Clarithromycin, Erythromycin

Gram-Positive Bacteria

Bacteria that have a thick peptidoglycan layer in their cell wall, retaining the crystal violet stain used in Gram staining. They are typically susceptible to antibiotics such as penicillin.

Examples include Staphylococcus and Streptococcus species. are often associated with infections such as pneumonia and skin infections.

Gram-negative Bacteria

Bacteria that have a thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane, which do not retain the crystal violet stain during Gram staining. They are often more resistant to antibiotics compared to Gram-positive bacteria.

They are commonly associated with infections such as pneumonia, sepsis, and urinary tract infections.

Selective Toxicity

The ability of a drug to target foreign organisms without damaging the host's cells.

Broad Spectrum Drugs

Antibiotics that are effective against a wide variety of bacteria.

Narrow Spectrum Drugs

Antibiotics that are effective against specific types of bacteria.

Bacteriostatic

Substances that inhibit the growth and reproduction of bacteria.

Bacteriocidal

Substances that kill bacteria.

Empiric Therapy

Treatment given before a definite diagnosis is made, often using broad-spectrum antibiotics.

Antibiotic Resistance

The ability of bacteria to withstand the effects of an antibiotic that once killed them or inhibited their growth.

Superinfection

A secondary infection that occurs during treatment of a primary infection, often due to the disruption of normal flora.

Clostridium difficile (C. diff)

A bacterium that can cause severe diarrhea and other intestinal issues, especially after antibiotic use.

Gram-Positive Bacteria

Bacteria that have a thick peptidoglycan layer and retain crystal violet stain used in the Gram staining procedure.

Gram-Negative Bacteria

Bacteria that have a thin peptidoglycan layer and do not retain crystal violet stain.

Beta-Lactam Antibiotics

A class of antibiotics that include penicillins and cephalosporins, characterized by a beta-lactam ring in their molecular structure.

Cross Resistance

The phenomenon where resistance to one antimicrobial agent confers resistance to another agent with a similar mechanism of action.

Adverse Reactions

Unintended side effects or negative reactions to a medication.

Synergistic Effect

An enhanced effect that occurs when two or more drugs work together to produce a greater effect than either would alone.

Immunoglobulins

Antibodies produced by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects like bacteria and viruses.

Efficacy

The ability to produce a desired or intended result, particularly in relation to drug effectiveness.

Hypersensitivity

Excessive or abnormal sensitivity to a substance, often resulting in allergic reactions.

Pathogen

An organism that causes disease.

Prophylaxis

Preventive treatment to avert disease.