HIST 106 Exam 1

1250-1350CE

Old World Web

Nodes

important places in the web- mostly coastal and port cities

Middle East

region that can tilt power-lots of access

Strait of Malacca

Singapore today, major trading port in South East Asia

Pax Mongolia

Mongolian Peace, Lots of cultural exchange, enabled by Chinggis Khan

Chinggis Khan

Mongol Ruler who creates pax Mongolia through cavalry, military leadership, and merit based, spread captors in society

Caravan

routes that flourished in times of peace

Andes and Meso-America

were larger webs were, but more in ideas rather than goods

Chinese

who had the biggest ships and navigators in 1400

Zheng He

Chinese explorer who had 7 great Ming voyages, and Chinese expansion

Yongle Emperor

third ruler of China's Ming dynasty, reigning from 1402 to 1424, and he brought the dynasty to its height in power, size, and global influence

Guanches

Canaries native population

Vasco da Gama

low ranking Portuguese noble who led expeditions in 1497, around southern tip of Africa and India ocean in searches for Christian allies and spices, helped set a lasting Portuguese presence in Southeast Asia and Africa

Treaty of Toredesillas

Spain and Portugal used this agreement to mark a line between Columbus’s discovered land and the Canary Islands

Biological Globalization

one of the most importance consequences of oceanic discovery

Biological Globalization

a worldwide exchange of plants, animals, and microbes

Biological Globalization

eased life for Eurasia and Africa but ended it for the Americas and Polynesia

Columbian Exchange

transfer of plants, animals, and microbes, following the initiation of contact with the west

Disease

most important part of biological globalization

Maize

helped population growth and stability in Eurasia but most importantly in Africa

Casava

helped peasants free and slaves survive raids

Causes of the fall of Pax Mongolia

Black death and no successor to Chinggis Khan

Atlantic Europeans

what group had the most information advantages

Merchants, Rulers, and Missionaries

How Islam spread through Africa

King Afonso

Kongo king whose father converted to Catholicism . Spoke Portuguese and made Catholicism the state religion.

Portuguese

group who supported slave trade and encourages wars and raid between groups

Kongo

biggest source of slaves to the Americas

Transatlantic Slave Trade

largest forced migration ever

Mita

Inca practice the Spanish continued, the force labor draft on Andean People

Treaty of Waiting

Māori chiefs agree to put down their weapons and become British subjects in return for guarantee of their land

Christendom

feudalism, agrarian society, radical action

Ina Battuta

Islamic traveling scholar who performed Hajj, studied Islamic law, and was a judge/ambassador

Yuan Dynasty- Kublai Khan

Chinese 1271-368

Black Death, Famine, and Instability

cause of the fall of the Yuan Dynasty

Ming Dynasty

1368-1644, internal economic growth, orderly gov. tributary system, social stability

Tributary

anyone who wanted to trade with (China) must recognize the emperor, diplomatic way for China to control trade and tributes paid for protection and ability to to trade with China

Eunich

castrated gov. official, castration protects lineage as they can’t have children and challenge rule

Power Vaccum

what happened after China pulled ships in

Titlochitan

Aztec Capital with over 200,000, on and island

Using Aztec Rivals to take down Aztecs

How Spain was able to conquer the Aztecs

Scientific Revolution and Plantation Complex

two most important things that come out of the Atlantic World

Coffee, Sugar, Tobacco- addictive

Major crops out of the tropics, plantation system

Scientific Revolution

fostered development on set of rules and practices for collection, organization, and dissection of the natural world

Scientific Method

product of the scientific revolution

Jesuits

newly founded order of priests within the Catholic Church dedicated to evangelizing non-Christians and rigorous education

Intellectual Efforts to reconcile new data with old systems

effect due to the worldwide web and scientific revolution

Commerce

what drove the growth of cities, especially port cities

Printing Press

helped grow the literacy rate in Europe

Renaissance

a fascination among European eliteswith the intellectual and art traditions of ancient Greece and Rome

Political Fragmentation in Northern Italy which helped competition

What helped spread the Renaissance

Humanism

the idea that human affairs are worthy of careful study and suitable themes for art and literature

Primacy of scripture over traditions and the justification of faith alone

Luther’s main ideas

Catholic Reformation or Counter Reformation

major reforms in the Church, more centralized, standardized, leader cut back living, and book bans

Where Protestants and Catholic were competing for alleigance

Where most witch executions took place

Main Principles from the Scientific Revolution

accepting religious scripture and ancient texts did not contain everything and the embrace of mathematics and quantitative culture

Heliocentric System, Copernicus

planets rotate around the sun as apposed to the sun rotating the earth

Surfism

an umbrella term for philosophical, theological, and literary traditions within Islam that emphasize a mystical and intense personal relationship with god

Safavis

most successful Sufis who were a Sunni and Sufi brotherhood

Safavids

ruling dynasty that executed or exiled Muslims who restricted their religious programs and had hard penalties for rule breakers in modern day Iran

Mulla Sandra

Shi’a theologian living in Safavid Iran, his writing with Islamic traditions and Sufi mysticism helped create an intellectual foundation for Safavid Theocracy

Sikhism

religion that developed in India by Nanak that blended Hinduism and Islam, monotheistic, karma, humans as supreme beings

Adi Granth

hymns book for Sikhs

Neo-Confucism

coherent ideology that held sway with the political elite, focused on rigorous education and study as the path to morality and righteousness

Wang Yangming

Chinese philosopher that improved on Confucianism, maintained that one did not need a book to understand truth and morality, emphasis on ordinary people

Zheng

captured nearly half of all Chinese ships returning from the Philippines

Growth of loyalty, more skill tax collection, and above all, new technologies and techniques of violence

How empires were able to flourish.

Military Innovations

what innovation came thick and fast and had greater consequences than ever before

Monarch’s Quest for Glory

most common reason for war

Military Revolutions

an increase in the complexity and expense of war between the middle ages, it comprised several innovations on weaponry, defense, technique, and administration

Field Artillery

large and heavy mobile guns and cannons, and the structures used to defend them

Oda Nobunaga

Japanese warload who unified southern Japan and may have invented volley fire. Met his political aims by militarizing peasants and arming them with widely produced Japanese guns

Groups Masters, modified, integrated tools/weapons in their local culture

main these of the military revolutions

Toyotomi Hideyoshi

Oda Nobunaga’s successor; a Japanese warlord whose soldiers liberally employed guns and nearly united all of Japan. He invaded Korea, enslaving thousands but retreated due to a failed invasion of China

Tokugawa Ieyasu

Japanese warlord who completed the unification of Japan and established the Tokugawa shogunate, ushering in a long period of peace and stability. took over Hideyoshi’s young son

Tokugawa Shogunate

a ruling dynasty in Japan made up of the descendants of Tokugawa Ieyasu, brining back the Samurai, and banned peasants from owing weapons

Manchurians, Nurhaci, Hong Taji

he ____ were a Northeast Asian group unified under leaders ____ and his son ____, who organized military banners and established the Qing Dynasty.

Literai

educated, scholarly, and intellectual elites who are knowledgeable in literature, philosophy, and the humanities.

Rivals like the Mongols were not able use firearms against them, more mobile

Why the Qing did not have many firearms

Integrated their strong suit of Calvary with other introduced war bands

How the Qing made their military

Most statecraft and military came locally

What made the Qing unique?

The Mughal empire

Empire taking shape in North Indian and its founders were Muslims from Central Asian Steppes

Bamboo Rockets and River Navitgation

two resources the Mughals used

Akbar

Mughal emperor who stabilized the state and expanded

Ottoman Empire

• A powerful transcontinental Islamic empire that bridged Europe, Asia, and Africa for over 600 years

Use of Firearms and integration of new weaponry from exisitng military cultures

Major Success of the Ottomans

Military culture, liberal religious policy, and healthy finances

How was the Ottoman Empire able to survive for over 600 years

Ottomans

Which empire produced all the resources it needed

Millet System

the Ottoman Empire’s tolerant religious policy, the Ottomans taxed non-Muslims at a higher rate but also welcomed Christians and Jews and let them oversee their own communities

Imperial Consolidation

the general trend of the early modern period of empires growing bigger at the expense of smaller states Ex. Russia

Ivan IV

Tsar of Russia who blenedin the infantry, calvary, and artillery into one cohesive force

Kept nobles in line

How Ivan IV was able to keep power

Peter the Great

Created Russia’s first powerful navy, drilled the army with European standards, brought the Russian Orthodox Church under state control via the Holy Synod, and introduced the Table of Ranks to reward merit over noble birth, moderinized and wersternized Russia

The Habsburg

Swiss and German nobles, who extended their territory through military force and strategic marriages. They built a global empire but were unable to unify the continent. Patchwork like empire

The Habsburg

first true global power, gaining Spain and their overseas territories

Univsersity of War

a historical concept describing how prolonged military conflicts force deep social, political, and technological changes on a society, increased the power of states, and made them more skilled in warfare and tax collection

Fall to the Qing to due to their sporadic behavior

Why do the Mongols fall

Transatlantic Slave Trade

white racism and idea of domination